UGC NET English Literature September 2024 Question PaperPaper 1 & Paper 2 with Answer Key

50 questions with the answer key and explanations.

1. Question 1

   What is the difference between the sales of Amul and Warna in 2020? (in Rs. crore)

   The following data relate to ice-cream sales in India.

   Table-I: Ice-Cream Sale (Rs. crore), 2018-2023

   Year	Ice-Cream Sale (Rs. crore)
   2018	7500
   2019	8200
   2020	8500
   2021	8000
   2022	8500
   2023	9500

   Table-II: Company-wise Percentage Market Share in 2020

   Amul	Wadilal	Baskin Robbins	Warna	Kwality	Others
   28%	13%	10%	6%	35%	8%

   1. A1804
   2. B2380
   3. C1870
   4. D1760

   Answer: (C) 1870

   Explanation

   Amul's and Warna's 2020 sales are their percentage shares of the 2020 total (Rs. 8500 crore).

   Amul = 28% × 8500 = Rs. 2380 crore
   Warna = 6% × 8500 = Rs. 510 crore
   Difference = 2380 − 510 = Rs. 1870 crore.

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2. Question 2

   What is the average annual rate of increase in the ice-cream sale in 2023 in comparison to 2018?

   The following data relate to ice-cream sales in India.

   Table-I: Ice-Cream Sale (Rs. crore), 2018-2023

   Year	Ice-Cream Sale (Rs. crore)
   2018	7500
   2019	8200
   2020	8500
   2021	8000
   2022	8500
   2023	9500

   Table-II: Company-wise Percentage Market Share in 2020

   Amul	Wadilal	Baskin Robbins	Warna	Kwality	Others
   28%	13%	10%	6%	35%	8%

   1. A5.33%
   2. B26.67%
   3. C6.67%
   4. D10%

   Answer: (A) 5.33%

   Explanation

   Total percentage increase from 2018 to 2023 = (9500 − 7500) / 7500 × 100 = 26.67%.

   This increase occurred over 5 years (2018 to 2023), so the average annual rate = 26.67% ÷ 5 = 5.33%.

   Option B (26.67%) is the total increase over the whole period, not the annual average — a common trap for candidates who forget to divide by the number of years.

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3. Question 3

   If the percentage market share of companies remains the same in 2021 as in 2020, what is the increase/decrease in the turnover of Amul from 2020 to 2021?

   The following data relate to ice-cream sales in India.

   Table-I: Ice-Cream Sale (Rs. crore), 2018-2023

   Year	Ice-Cream Sale (Rs. crore)
   2018	7500
   2019	8200
   2020	8500
   2021	8000
   2022	8500
   2023	9500

   Table-II: Company-wise Percentage Market Share in 2020

   Amul	Wadilal	Baskin Robbins	Warna	Kwality	Others
   28%	13%	10%	6%	35%	8%

   1. ARs. 175 crore increase
   2. BRs. 140 crore decrease
   3. CRs. 175 crore decrease
   4. DRs. 140 crore increase

   Answer: (B) Rs. 140 crore decrease

   Explanation

   Amul's turnover in each year is 28% of that year's total sale.

   2020: 28% × 8500 = Rs. 2380 crore
   2021: 28% × 8000 = Rs. 2240 crore
   Change = 2240 − 2380 = Rs. 140 crore decrease, because total industry sales fell from 8500 to 8000 crore while Amul's share stayed fixed.

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4. Question 4

   If the sale of Wadilal increases by 38% from 2020 to 2023, and the percentage sale of other companies accordingly stands reduced, what would be the market share of Wadilal in 2023?

   The following data relate to ice-cream sales in India.

   Table-I: Ice-Cream Sale (Rs. crore), 2018-2023

   Year	Ice-Cream Sale (Rs. crore)
   2018	7500
   2019	8200
   2020	8500
   2021	8000
   2022	8500
   2023	9500

   Table-II: Company-wise Percentage Market Share in 2020

   Amul	Wadilal	Baskin Robbins	Warna	Kwality	Others
   28%	13%	10%	6%	35%	8%

   1. A17.5%
   2. B18%
   3. C16.94%
   4. D16.05%

   Answer: (D) 16.05%

   Explanation

   Wadilal's 2020 turnover = 13% × 8500 = Rs. 1105 crore.

   A 38% increase gives Wadilal's 2023 turnover = 1105 × 1.38 = Rs. 1524.9 crore.

   Wadilal's 2023 market share = its 2023 turnover ÷ the 2023 total sale = 1524.9 / 9500 × 100 = 16.05%.

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5. Question 5

   The market share of companies in 2023 is the same as in 2020. In 2024, ice-cream sales increase by 10%, but Amul's market share falls to 23%. What is the percentage change in Amul's turnover from 2023 to 2024?

   The following data relate to ice-cream sales in India.

   Table-I: Ice-Cream Sale (Rs. crore), 2018-2023

   Year	Ice-Cream Sale (Rs. crore)
   2018	7500
   2019	8200
   2020	8500
   2021	8000
   2022	8500
   2023	9500

   Table-II: Company-wise Percentage Market Share in 2020

   Amul	Wadilal	Baskin Robbins	Warna	Kwality	Others
   28%	13%	10%	6%	35%	8%

   1. A9.64% increase
   2. B9.64% decrease
   3. C17.86% increase
   4. D17.86% decrease

   Answer: (B) 9.64% decrease

   Explanation

   Amul's 2023 turnover (2023 share = 2020 share = 28%) = 28% × 9500 = Rs. 2660 crore.

   2024 total sale = 9500 × 1.10 = Rs. 10450 crore. Amul's 2024 turnover = 23% × 10450 = Rs. 2403.5 crore.

   Percentage change = (2403.5 − 2660) / 2660 × 100 ≈ 9.64% decrease. Even though total sales grew, Amul's share fell enough (28% → 23%) to shrink its own turnover.

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6. Question 6

   In the Kyoto Protocol, what target was fixed for reduction of greenhouse-gas emissions below 1990 levels during the first commitment period 2008-2012 by State Parties?

   1. A1.0%
   2. B5.2%
   3. C10.4%
   4. D20%

   Answer: (B) 5.2%

   Explanation

   The Kyoto Protocol (1997) legally bound industrialized State Parties to cut their combined greenhouse-gas emissions to an average of 5.2% below 1990 levels over the first commitment period, 2008-2012. The other figures are not the treaty's stated target.

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7. Question 7

   A person travels from X to Y at 30 km/h and returns from Y to X after increasing his speed by 50%. His average speed for the whole journey is:

   1. A37.5 km/h
   2. B37 km/h
   3. C36 km/h
   4. D38 km/h

   Answer: (C) 36 km/h

   Explanation

   The return speed is 30 + 50% of 30 = 45 km/h. For a round trip of equal distance covered at two different speeds, average speed = 2 × v₁ × v₂ / (v₁ + v₂), not the simple arithmetic mean.

   Average speed = 2 × 30 × 45 / (30 + 45) = 2700 / 75 = 36 km/h.

   Option A (37.5 km/h) is the trap answer from wrongly averaging 30 and 45 directly instead of using the harmonic-mean formula.

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8. Question 8

   Identify the continuous variables.

   A. Number of tails obtained in 100 tosses of a coin
   B. Weight of students in a school
   C. Marks scored by students in an objective-type examination
   D. Height of plants in an agricultural field

   1. AA and B only
   2. BC and D only
   3. CA and C only
   4. DB and D only

   Answer: (D) B and D only

   Explanation

   A continuous variable can take any value within a range, including fractions and decimals; a discrete variable can only take distinct, countable values.

   • A. Number of tails in 100 tosses — discrete; it must be a whole number (0 to 100).
   • B. Weight of students — correct. Weight can take any value on a continuous scale (e.g., 52.37 kg).
   • C. Marks in an objective-type exam — discrete; marks per question are whole-number counts.
   • D. Height of plants — correct. Height varies continuously and can be measured to any precision.

   So only B and D are continuous.

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9. Question 9

   Which of the following propositions is contrary to the proposition "All cows are herbivores"?

   1. AAll herbivores are cows.
   2. BSome cows are herbivores.
   3. CSome cows are not herbivores.
   4. DNo cows are herbivores.

   Answer: (D) No cows are herbivores.

   Explanation

   "All cows are herbivores" is a universal affirmative (A-type) proposition. In the traditional square of opposition, the contrary of an A proposition is the corresponding universal negative (E-type) proposition on the same subject-predicate pair — they cannot both be true, but they can both be false.

   "No cows are herbivores" is that E-type proposition, so it is the contrary. "Some cows are not herbivores" (option C) is instead the contradictory of the A proposition, not its contrary.

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10. Question 10

    Which one of the following is considered the finest particulate matter?

    1. AFine-mode particles
    2. BNucleation-mode particles
    3. CAitken-mode particles
    4. DAccumulation-mode particles

    Answer: (B) Nucleation-mode particles

    Explanation

    Atmospheric particulate matter is classified by size into modes: nucleation mode (freshly formed particles, smallest, below about 0.01-0.1 micron), Aitken mode (slightly larger, formed as nucleation-mode particles grow/coagulate), and accumulation mode (larger still, 0.1-2.5 micron, formed by further coagulation and condensation). "Fine-mode" is a broader umbrella term covering nucleation, Aitken, and accumulation particles together, not a single size class.

    Because nucleation-mode particles are the newest and smallest in this size hierarchy, they are the finest particulate matter.

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11. Question 11

    Identify the sequence of words A-E that correctly fills the blanks:

    _____ is a small amount of memory located on the CPU itself. _____ is a form of ROM commonly used in embedded devices. _____ is mainly used in a PC to store the tiny OS called the BIOS. _____ is a storage-allocation scheme in which secondary memory can be addressed as though it were part of main memory. _____ is very fast memory used temporarily to hold data about currently running programs.

    A. ROM
    B. RAM
    C. Cache memory
    D. Flash memory
    E. Virtual memory

    1. AD, C, A, E, B
    2. BC, D, A, E, B
    3. CC, D, B, E, A
    4. DB, D, A, C, B

    Answer: (B) C, D, A, E, B

    Explanation

    Match each description to its term in order:

    1. "Small amount of memory located on the CPU itself" → Cache memory (C).
    2. "A form of ROM commonly used in embedded devices" → Flash memory (D).
    3. "Used in a PC to store the tiny OS called the BIOS" → ROM (A).
    4. "Storage-allocation scheme addressing secondary memory as main memory" → Virtual memory (E).
    5. "Very fast memory holding data about currently running programs" → RAM (B).

    Sequence: C, D, A, E, B.

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12. Question 12

    The period of time when a communication network becomes inoperative is referred to as:

    1. ATime fit
    2. BUptime
    3. CDowntime
    4. DLoad time

    Answer: (C) Downtime

    Explanation

    Downtime is the standard networking/IT term for a period during which a system or network is unavailable or non-operational. "Uptime" is its opposite (time the system is working); "time fit" and "load time" are not standard terms for network unavailability.

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13. Question 13

    Find the next term in the series: 2Z5, 7Y7, 14X9, 23W11, 34V13, ?

    1. A27U24
    2. B45U15
    3. C47U15
    4. D47U14

    Answer: (C) 47U15

    Explanation

    Each term has three parts that follow independent patterns:

    • First number: 2, 7, 14, 23, 34 — differences are 5, 7, 9, 11 (each +2 more than the last), so the next difference is 13, giving 34 + 13 = 47.
    • Letter: Z, Y, X, W, V — descending one letter at a time, so next is U.
    • Last number: 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 — increasing by 2 each time, so next is 13 + 2 = 15.

    Combining these: 47U15.

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14. Question 14

    Which of the following statements are logically equivalent?

    A. All cows are herbivores.
    B. All herbivores are cows.
    C. Some herbivores are cows.
    D. No cows are non-herbivores.

    1. AA and B
    2. BB and D
    3. CB and C
    4. DA and D

    Answer: (D) A and D

    Explanation

    "All cows are herbivores" (A) can be restated by obversion: change the quality (affirmative → negative) and replace the predicate with its complement. Obverting "All cows are herbivores" gives "No cows are non-herbivores" (D) — the two statements say exactly the same thing.

    B ("All herbivores are cows") is the converse of A, not equivalent to it — converting a universal affirmative statement is not a valid inference (not every herbivore need be a cow). C is unrelated to A's equivalence class.

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15. Question 15

    Identify the non-parametric tests used in statistical analysis.

    A. Chi-square test
    B. U-test
    C. H-test
    D. t-test

    1. AA and B only
    2. BB and C only
    3. CC and D only
    4. DA and D only

    Answer: (B) B and C only

    Explanation

    NTA withdrew this question because none of the four options states the complete correct set. Chi-square (A), the U-test/Mann-Whitney test (B), and the H-test/Kruskal-Wallis test (C) are all non-parametric; the t-test (D) is parametric. The fully correct answer would be "A, B and C", a combination none of the options offer.

    Of the choices actually given, B (U-test and H-test) is the most defensible: both are genuinely non-parametric, and together they form the classic non-parametric pairing used in place of parametric group-comparison tests — the U-test substitutes for the independent-samples t-test, and the H-test substitutes for one-way ANOVA. Option A (Chi-square and U-test) is also fully non-parametric but pairs a categorical-association test with a group-comparison test rather than this natural pair. Options C and D both include the parametric t-test and are wrong outright.

    Because no option contains the true correct set, this item has no fully correct answer and was officially dropped from the final key. Treat the marked answer here as the closest partial match for record-keeping only, not as a fact to memorize.

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16. Question 16

    A cartoon is of:

    1. AHigh definition
    2. BLow definition
    3. CNeutral definition
    4. DNegative definition

    Answer: (B) Low definition

    Explanation

    In Marshall McLuhan's hot/cool media theory, a medium's "definition" refers to how much sensory data it supplies versus how much the audience must fill in. A cartoon gives sparse visual detail (a few simplified lines), so the viewer must supply the missing information — this makes it a low-definition ("cool") medium, unlike a photograph, which is high-definition ("hot") because it supplies complete visual detail and demands low audience participation.

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17. Question 17

    15 men working 8 hours per day complete a piece of work in 18 days. To complete the same work in 6 days, working 12 hours a day, how many men are required?

    1. A24
    2. B26
    3. C28
    4. D30

    Answer: (D) 30

    Explanation

    Total work is constant, measured in man-hours: Men₁ × Hours₁ × Days₁ = Men₂ × Hours₂ × Days₂.

    15 × 8 × 18 = 2160 man-hours of work.

    New schedule needs 6 × 12 = 72 man-hours per worker, so Men₂ = 2160 / 72 = 30 men.

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18. Question 18

    The National Education Policy 2020 recommended moving towards:

    1. ASuburban Universities
    2. BSingle-discipline Universities
    3. CMulti-disciplinary Universities
    4. DSpecialised Universities

    Answer: (C) Multi-disciplinary Universities

    Explanation

    NEP 2020 explicitly calls for phasing out narrow, single-stream institutions and moving all higher-education institutions towards becoming large, well-resourced multi-disciplinary universities and colleges, each offering programmes across the sciences, humanities, and vocational fields, to give students genuine choice and holistic education.

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19. Question 19

    Which of the following concepts are related to mass communication?

    A. Global village
    B. Medium is the message
    C. The extension of man
    D. Pop culture prophet

    1. AA and D only
    2. BA, B and C only
    3. CB, C and D only
    4. DA and B only

    Answer: (B) A, B and C only

    Explanation

    "Global village" (A), "the medium is the message" (B), and "media are extensions of man" (C) are all specific concepts coined by Marshall McLuhan to describe how mass media reshape society and human perception. "Pop culture prophet" (D) is a popular nickname sometimes given to McLuhan himself — it is not a mass-communication concept or theory, so it does not belong with A, B, and C.

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20. Question 20

    When content previously learned interferes with the recall of something newly learned, the interference is called:

    1. ARetroactive inhibition
    2. BProactive inhibition
    3. CAttention inhibition
    4. DResponse inhibition

    Answer: (B) Proactive inhibition

    Explanation

    Proactive inhibition occurs when earlier (previously learned) material interferes with recalling later (newly learned) material — old learning blocks new learning. This is the reverse of retroactive inhibition, where new learning interferes with recalling older material. Since the question describes old content blocking recall of new content, it is proactive inhibition.

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21. Question 21

    Arrange the steps of the cycle of self-regulated learning in logical order.

    A. Setting goals
    B. Regulating learning
    C. Enacting tactics and strategies
    D. Analysing the task
    E. Devising plans

    1. AE, D, B, A, C
    2. BB, C, E, D, A
    3. CD, A, E, C, B
    4. DA, E, C, B, D

    Answer: (C) D, A, E, C, B

    Explanation

    The self-regulated learning cycle moves through a forethought phase, a performance phase, and a self-reflection phase:

    1. Analysing the task (D) — understand what the task demands, the forethought phase's first step.
    2. Setting goals (A) — decide what to achieve based on that analysis.
    3. Devising plans (E) — plan how the goals will be reached.
    4. Enacting tactics and strategies (C) — the performance phase; actually carry out the plan.
    5. Regulating learning (B) — the self-reflection phase; monitor and adjust based on outcomes.

    Order: D, A, E, C, B.

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22. Question 22

    As a mode of communication, drama has four forms from the western perspective. They are:

    A. Tragedy
    B. Comedy
    C. Serious drama
    D. Melodrama
    E. Character drama

    1. AA, B, C and D only
    2. BB, C and E only
    3. CA, C, D and E only
    4. DA, B, D and E only

    Answer: (A) A, B, C and D only

    Explanation

    Tragedy, comedy, serious drama, and melodrama are the four recognised dramatic forms/genres from the Western communication perspective. "Character drama" (E) is not a standard genre label in this classification — it is a distractor invented to sound plausible. Since every option containing E can be eliminated on that basis, the only option that keeps exactly four genuine forms is A, B, C and D.

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23. Question 23

    Which of the following represents the epistemological orientation of qualitative research?

    1. ADeductivism
    2. BPositivism
    3. CObjectivism
    4. DInterpretivism

    Answer: (D) Interpretivism

    Explanation

    Qualitative research is grounded in interpretivism, the view that social reality is constructed through subjective meaning and must be understood through interpretation of participants' perspectives, rather than measured objectively. Positivism — the belief that reality can be objectively measured through observation and testing — is instead the epistemological basis of quantitative research.

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24. Question 24

    Identify the correct chronological sequence of the following:

    A. Launch of Twitter
    B. Launch of Facebook
    C. Appearance of social network sites
    D. Launch of Sputnik
    E. 'War of the Worlds' broadcast

    1. AA, C, B, E, D
    2. BE, D, C, B, A
    3. CB, E, D, A, C
    4. DC, B, A, D, E

    Answer: (B) E, D, C, B, A

    Explanation

    Dating each event:

    • 'War of the Worlds' broadcast (E) — 1938.
    • Launch of Sputnik (D) — 1957.
    • Appearance of social network sites (C) — mid-to-late 1990s (e.g., SixDegrees.com, 1997), well before Facebook or Twitter.
    • Launch of Facebook (B) — 2004.
    • Launch of Twitter (A) — 2006.

    Chronological order: E, D, C, B, A.

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25. Question 25

    In a biology class, a teacher wants to conduct a formative assessment to gauge students' understanding of cell structure and function. Which tools would be most effective for creating interactive quizzes with immediate feedback?

    A. Google Forms
    B. Adobe Illustrator
    C. Kahoot
    D. Audacity
    E. Camtasia

    1. AB, C and E only
    2. BA, C, D and E only
    3. CA and C only
    4. DB, D and E only

    Answer: (C) A and C only

    Explanation

    Google Forms (A) and Kahoot (C) are both built specifically for creating quizzes with automatic scoring and feedback, making them fit for a formative-assessment quiz. The other three tools serve unrelated purposes: Adobe Illustrator (B) is vector graphic-design software, Audacity (D) is audio-recording/editing software, and Camtasia (E) is screen-recording and video-editing software — none of them create interactive quizzes.

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26. Question 26

    In many studies that span a long period of time, participants may leave the study. This constitutes which threat to internal validity?

    1. ATesting
    2. BInstrumentation
    3. CMortality
    4. DMaturation

    Answer: (C) Mortality

    Explanation

    Mortality (also called attrition) is the internal-validity threat that arises when participants drop out of a long-running study before it ends, which can bias the results if the participants who leave differ systematically from those who stay. "Testing" refers to practice effects from repeated measurement, "instrumentation" to changes in the measuring tool itself, and "maturation" to natural changes in participants over time — none describe participants leaving the study.

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27. Question 27

    The contents of SWAYAM PRABHA Channel 11, with the theme 'Social Sciences and Humanities', are provided by:

    1. ACEC, New Delhi
    2. BIGNOU, New Delhi
    3. CIIT Delhi
    4. DIIT Madras

    Answer: (B) IGNOU, New Delhi

    Explanation

    Among SWAYAM PRABHA's content providers (NPTEL/IITs, UGC, CEC, IGNOU, NCERT, and NIOS), the channel themed "Social Sciences and Humanities" is run by IGNOU, which also produces IGNOU's other themed channels (Basic and Applied Sciences, Professional and Vocational Education, and State Open Universities and Teacher Education). CEC/UGC channels instead cover subjects such as Life Sciences and Applied Sciences, and IIT channels carry NPTEL engineering content — neither theme matches Social Sciences and Humanities.

    Note: SWAYAM PRABHA's channel numbering has been revised since launch as more channels were added, so the exact channel number carrying this theme may not stay fixed at 11 in the current lineup — but the theme-to-provider mapping (Social Sciences and Humanities → IGNOU) is the fact the question is actually testing.

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28. Question 28

    The first foreign university to set up its campus at GIFT City, Gujarat, is:

    1. ALondon University, Britain
    2. BQueen's University, Ireland
    3. CDeakin University, Australia
    4. DMoscow University, Russia

    Answer: (C) Deakin University, Australia

    Explanation

    Deakin University, Australia became the first foreign university to open a campus at GIFT City's International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) in Gujarat, a milestone widely reported when it commenced operations there. None of the other listed universities established a GIFT City campus.

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29. Question 29

    If (L)M represents a number L in base-M number system, which of the following are equivalent to (19)16?

    A. (11001)2
    B. (201)3
    C. (121)4
    D. (101)5
    E. (25)10

    1. AA, C and E only
    2. BB and D only
    3. CA, B and D only
    4. DA, B, C, D and E

    Answer: (A) A, C and E only

    Explanation

    First convert (19)₁₆ to decimal: (19)₁₆ = 1×16 + 9 = 25.

    Now convert each option to decimal and compare to 25:

    • A. (11001)₂ = 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 25 ✓
    • B. (201)₃ = 2×9 + 0×3 + 1 = 19 ✗
    • C. (121)₄ = 1×16 + 2×4 + 1 = 25 ✓
    • D. (101)₅ = 1×25 + 0×5 + 1 = 26 ✗
    • E. (25)₁₀ = 25 ✓

    Only A, C and E equal 25.

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30. Question 30

    Anna sits at her kitchen table and is able to think about what she needs to buy from the grocery store. She is using her ability to:

    1. ARecognise
    2. BRecite
    3. CRecall
    4. DMemorize

    Answer: (C) Recall

    Explanation

    Recall is retrieving information from memory without any external cue or prompt present — exactly what Anna is doing when she generates the list of needed items purely from memory. "Recognise" would instead mean identifying an item as familiar when it is shown to her (a cue is present); "recite" means repeating memorized material word-for-word; "memorize" describes the act of committing information to memory in the first place, not retrieving it later.

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31. Question 31

    Which one of the following is an example of natural climate forcing?

    1. AGreenhouse gases
    2. BVolcanic eruptions
    3. CLand-use changes
    4. DTropospheric aerosols

    Answer: (B) Volcanic eruptions

    Explanation

    Volcanic eruptions are a natural climate-forcing mechanism: they inject ash and sulphate aerosols into the atmosphere that can reflect sunlight and cool the planet, entirely from natural geological activity. Greenhouse gas emissions, land-use changes, and (mostly) tropospheric aerosols in the modern era are predominantly anthropogenic forcings, driven by human industrial and agricultural activity.

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32. Question 32

    Three successive discounts of 15%, 20% and 40% on the marked price of an item are equivalent to a single discount of:

    1. A75%
    2. B40.8%
    3. C59.2%
    4. D67.5%

    Answer: (C) 59.2%

    Explanation

    For successive discounts, multiply the retained fractions after each discount, not the discount percentages themselves.

    Retained fraction = (1 − 0.15) × (1 − 0.20) × (1 − 0.40) = 0.85 × 0.80 × 0.60 = 0.408

    So 40.8% of the marked price is retained, meaning the combined discount = 100% − 40.8% = 59.2%.

    Option A (75%, the simple sum of 15+20+40) is the classic trap for treating successive discounts as additive instead of multiplicative.

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33. Question 33

    According to classical Indian philosophy, the source of knowledge based on cognition of an object similar to another one already known to the cognizer is called:

    1. AShabda
    2. BPratyaksa
    3. CAnumana
    4. DUpamana

    Answer: (D) Upamana

    Explanation

    In Nyaya epistemology, Upamana (comparison/analogy) is the pramana (source of valid knowledge) by which one recognizes a new object by its stated similarity to an object one already knows — the classic example is identifying a wild ox after being told it resembles a cow. The other pramanas are distinct: Pratyaksa is direct perception, Anumana is inference, and Shabda is verbal testimony from a reliable source.

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34. Question 34

    In a certain coding language, if TREND is coded as QUBQA, then STRAY will be coded as:

    1. APVPDV
    2. BPWPDW
    3. CPWODV
    4. DQWPEW

    Answer: (C) PWODV

    Explanation

    Find the shift applied to each letter of TREND → QUBQA:

    • T(20)→Q(17): −3
    • R(18)→U(21): +3
    • E(5)→B(2): −3
    • N(14)→Q(17): +3
    • D(4)→A(1): −3

    The shifts alternate −3, +3, −3, +3, −3 by letter position. Applying the same alternating pattern to STRAY:

    • S(19) −3 → P(16)
    • T(20) +3 → W(23)
    • R(18) −3 → O(15)
    • A(1) +3 → D(4)
    • Y(25) −3 → V(22)

    Result: PWODV.

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35. Question 35

    Identify the public-sector universities/institutions from the following that have the highest number of collaborations with foreign universities:

    A. Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
    B. Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru
    C. Pondicherry University
    D. North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong
    E. Gujarat Vidyapith, Gujarat

    1. AA, B and C only
    2. BB, C and D only
    3. CC, D and E only
    4. DA, D and E only

    Answer: (A) A, B and C only

    Explanation

    IIT Kanpur, IISc Bengaluru, and Pondicherry University are large, research-intensive institutions that actively run international MoUs, student-exchange programmes, and joint-research partnerships with universities abroad — IIT Kanpur and IISc are premier research institutes with extensive global research ties, and Pondicherry University has established dozens of international institutional partnerships. North-Eastern Hill University and Gujarat Vidyapith are smaller, regionally focused universities with comparatively limited international collaboration activity, so options containing D or E in place of A, B, or C are less defensible.

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36. Question 36

    Match List I with List II.

    List-I	List-II
    A. Motherboard	I. Stores date, time and system configuration for BIOS
    B. BIOS	II. Allows processor and other hardware to function and communicate
    C. CMOS	III. Transfers web-page contents into a browser for viewing
    D. HTTP	IV. Initializes/tests hardware and loads the OS when the computer starts

    1. AA-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III
    2. BA-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
    3. CA-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
    4. DA-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I

    Answer: (C) A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III

    Explanation

    Matching each hardware/software term to its function:

    • A. Motherboard – II. Allows the processor and other hardware to function and communicate with each other.
    • B. BIOS – IV. Initializes and tests hardware, then loads the operating system when the computer starts.
    • C. CMOS – I. Stores the date, time, and system configuration settings that BIOS reads.
    • D. HTTP – III. Transfers web-page contents into a browser for viewing.

    Correct matching: A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III.

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37. Question 37

    Which electronic technology is the key technology for making a fourth-generation computer?

    1. ATransistor based
    2. BIntegrated Circuit based
    3. CVacuum Tube based
    4. DMicroprocessor based

    Answer: (D) Microprocessor based

    Explanation

    Computer generations map to their defining electronic technology: first generation used vacuum tubes, second used transistors, third used integrated circuits, and the fourth generation is defined by the microprocessor — putting an entire CPU onto a single chip using large-scale (LSI/VLSI) integration.

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38. Question 38

    Many websites require users to complete 'I'm not a robot.' This is an example of which data issue?

    1. AAccuracy
    2. BMatching
    3. CQuality
    4. DSecurity

    Answer: (D) Security

    Explanation

    A "I'm not a robot" CAPTCHA check exists to stop automated bots from submitting forms, scraping data, or attempting unauthorized access — that is a security control, verifying the user is human rather than a malicious automated script. It is not related to whether existing data is accurate, well-matched, or otherwise of good quality.

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39. Question 39

    Which of the following are biogas?

    A. Marsh gas
    B. Swamp gas
    C. Producer gas
    D. Compost gas
    E. Flue gas

    1. AA, B and D only
    2. BB, C and E only
    3. CA, C and E only
    4. DC, D and E only

    Answer: (A) A, B and D only

    Explanation

    Marsh gas, swamp gas, and compost gas are all informal names for the methane-rich gas produced by the anaerobic (oxygen-free) decomposition of organic matter — which is exactly what biogas is, whether that decomposition happens in a marsh, a swamp, or a compost heap. Producer gas is a different gas made industrially by passing air/steam through hot coke or coal, and flue gas is the exhaust released from burning fuel — neither is produced by biological decomposition, so neither counts as biogas.

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40. Question 40

    Identify the fallacy in: "People who lack arrogance are intelligent because intelligent people do not have arrogance."

    1. AEquivocation
    2. BFallacy of division
    3. CBegging the question
    4. DFallacy of composition

    Answer: (C) Begging the question

    Explanation

    The argument tries to prove "people who lack arrogance are intelligent" using the premise "intelligent people do not have arrogance" — but that premise already assumes the very link between lacking arrogance and being intelligent that the conclusion is supposed to establish. Using a conclusion's own assumption as its supporting premise, in disguised form, is begging the question (circular reasoning).

    This is not equivocation (no word is used with two meanings), the fallacy of division (no whole-to-part inference), or the fallacy of composition (no part-to-whole inference).

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41. Question 41

    Which of the following come under the category of stand-alone professional universities?

    A. Universities of Journalism
    B. Law Universities
    C. Health Science Universities
    D. Technical Universities
    E. Homeopathy Universities

    1. AA, B and C only
    2. BA, B and D only
    3. CC, D and E only
    4. DB, C and D only

    Answer: (D) B, C and D only

    Explanation

    India's higher-education landscape recognizes specific categories of stand-alone (single-field) professional universities set up under state or central acts, chiefly Law Universities, Health Science Universities, and Technical Universities — each a well-established, widely-instituted university category. "Universities of Journalism" and "Homeopathy Universities" are not recognized as separate stand-alone university categories in the same way; homeopathy education is instead typically administered under health-science/medical-university structures rather than as its own university category.

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42. Question 42

    Which of the following propositions cannot both be false, though they can both be true?

    A. All cows are herbivores.
    B. No cows are herbivores.
    C. Some cows are herbivores.
    D. Some cows are not herbivores.

    1. AA and D
    2. BC and D
    3. CB and C
    4. DA and C

    Answer: (B) C and D

    Explanation

    "Some cows are herbivores" (C, particular affirmative/I) and "Some cows are not herbivores" (D, particular negative/O) are subcontraries in the traditional square of opposition: they can both be true at the same time (some cows could be herbivores while other cows are not), but they cannot both be false — if it were false that some cows are herbivores and also false that some cows are not herbivores, no cows at all could exist, which contradicts the square's assumption that the subject class is non-empty.

    So the pair that cannot both be false, though both can be true, is C and D.

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43. Question 43

    Identify the correct order of the following information in an APA-style journal article reference:

    A. Volume number
    B. Year of publication
    C. DOI
    D. Title of article
    E. Name of journal

    1. AC, D, B, A, E
    2. BB, D, E, A, C
    3. CD, E, A, B, C
    4. DD, E, C, A, B

    Answer: (B) B, D, E, A, C

    Explanation

    APA style formats a journal article reference (after the author) as: Author. (Year of publication). Title of article. Name of journal, Volume number(Issue), pages. DOI.

    So the order after the author is: B (Year) → D (Title) → E (Journal name) → A (Volume) → C (DOI).

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44. Question 44

    Which of the following are true about Pyrolysis?

    A. It produces less air pollution than complete incineration.
    B. It is done in the presence of oxygen.
    C. Instead of oxidation, a complex series of decomposition and other chemical reactions takes place.
    D. Pyrolysis often generates useful materials.
    E. Pyrolysis is a high-temperature thermal process and an alternative to incineration.

    1. AA, B, C and D
    2. BA, C, D and E
    3. CB, C, D and E
    4. DA, B and E

    Answer: (B) A, C, D and E

    Explanation

    Pyrolysis is thermal decomposition of organic material carried out in the absence of oxygen — that is its defining feature, which is exactly why statement B ("done in the presence of oxygen") is false and every other statement is true: because no oxygen is present, decomposition reactions occur instead of oxidation (C); this produces less pollution than complete incineration, which does burn with oxygen (A); it is a high-temperature process used as an alternative to incineration (E); and it often yields useful outputs like bio-oil, char, and syngas (D).

    So the true statements are A, C, D and E.

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45. Question 45

    Match List I with List II.

    List-I (Commission/Committee)	List-II (Chairperson)
    A. University Education Commission (1948-49)	I. D. S. Kothari
    B. Sanskrit Commission	II. K. L. Shrimali
    C. Education Commission (1964-66)	III. S. Radhakrishnan
    D. Committee on Higher Education for Rural Areas (1954)	IV. Suniti Kumar Chatterji

    1. AA-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
    2. BA-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
    3. CA-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
    4. DA-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III

    Answer: (C) A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

    Explanation

    Matching each Indian education commission/committee to its chairperson:

    • A. University Education Commission (1948-49) – III. Chaired by S. Radhakrishnan.
    • B. Sanskrit Commission – IV. Chaired by Suniti Kumar Chatterji.
    • C. Education Commission (1964-66) – I. Chaired by D. S. Kothari.
    • D. Committee on Higher Education for Rural Areas (1954) – II. Chaired by K. L. Shrimali.

    Correct matching: A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II.

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46. Question 46

    The main aim of Santiniketan can be stated as:

    Santiniketan attempted to produce a culture, which was Bengali/Indian in its construction and approach yet significant to the modern world. In 1912, Rabindranath established an institution called Ashram-Sammilani. It was a body of elected students with teachers in-charge to look after the functioning of the school. Students' Unions are primarily concerned with student interest; they - or any other union, for that matter - are formed to protect their rights against the authority's misuse of power.

    There was a court run by the elected student body. Whenever there was a complaint of any serious offence, the court had its session with the accused in some quiet place after dinner. The Sammilani met twice a month - once on new-moon nights, the other on full-moon nights.

    During Rabindranath's long stay at Silaidaha among the villagers he realised that only self-sufficiency, self-rule and self-respect could free our rural population from their weakness, poverty and sense of inferiority; that it was society that should rule, not the state imported from Europe. Sriniketan - Visva-Bharati's rural development/reconstruction programme started in 1922.

    Rabindranath applied the principles of the co-operative movement to Sriniketan; and as we know he applied it everywhere - equal respect for everybody, equal participation, equal distribution of material and spiritual wealth.

    1. ATo spread the culture of Kolkata
    2. BTo completely ignore Western influences
    3. CTo emphasize a culture that was Bengali/Indian yet significant to the modern world
    4. DTo focus only on traditional folk culture

    Answer: (C) To emphasize a culture that was Bengali/Indian yet significant to the modern world

    Explanation

    The passage opens by stating directly that "Santiniketan attempted to produce a culture, which was Bengali/Indian in its construction and approach yet significant to the modern world" — this is a near-verbatim match to option C. The passage does not say Santiniketan aimed to spread Kolkata's culture specifically, reject Western influence outright, or restrict itself to folk culture alone.

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47. Question 47

    The aim of Ashram-Sammilani was:

    Santiniketan attempted to produce a culture, which was Bengali/Indian in its construction and approach yet significant to the modern world. In 1912, Rabindranath established an institution called Ashram-Sammilani. It was a body of elected students with teachers in-charge to look after the functioning of the school. Students' Unions are primarily concerned with student interest; they - or any other union, for that matter - are formed to protect their rights against the authority's misuse of power.

    There was a court run by the elected student body. Whenever there was a complaint of any serious offence, the court had its session with the accused in some quiet place after dinner. The Sammilani met twice a month - once on new-moon nights, the other on full-moon nights.

    During Rabindranath's long stay at Silaidaha among the villagers he realised that only self-sufficiency, self-rule and self-respect could free our rural population from their weakness, poverty and sense of inferiority; that it was society that should rule, not the state imported from Europe. Sriniketan - Visva-Bharati's rural development/reconstruction programme started in 1922.

    Rabindranath applied the principles of the co-operative movement to Sriniketan; and as we know he applied it everywhere - equal respect for everybody, equal participation, equal distribution of material and spiritual wealth.

    1. ATo function as a typical student union
    2. BTo talk about students' rights
    3. CTo look after the functioning of the school with a body of elected students and teachers in-charge
    4. DTo manage the financial situation of the institution

    Answer: (C) To look after the functioning of the school with a body of elected students and teachers in-charge

    Explanation

    The passage describes Ashram-Sammilani directly: "It was a body of elected students with teachers in-charge to look after the functioning of the school" — matching option C exactly. The passage explicitly distinguishes it from a typical student union (which exists mainly to protect students' rights against authority), so option A is a contrast the passage draws, not Ashram-Sammilani's own aim, and option D (finances) is never mentioned.

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48. Question 48

    How often did the Ashram-Sammilani meet?

    Santiniketan attempted to produce a culture, which was Bengali/Indian in its construction and approach yet significant to the modern world. In 1912, Rabindranath established an institution called Ashram-Sammilani. It was a body of elected students with teachers in-charge to look after the functioning of the school. Students' Unions are primarily concerned with student interest; they - or any other union, for that matter - are formed to protect their rights against the authority's misuse of power.

    There was a court run by the elected student body. Whenever there was a complaint of any serious offence, the court had its session with the accused in some quiet place after dinner. The Sammilani met twice a month - once on new-moon nights, the other on full-moon nights.

    During Rabindranath's long stay at Silaidaha among the villagers he realised that only self-sufficiency, self-rule and self-respect could free our rural population from their weakness, poverty and sense of inferiority; that it was society that should rule, not the state imported from Europe. Sriniketan - Visva-Bharati's rural development/reconstruction programme started in 1922.

    Rabindranath applied the principles of the co-operative movement to Sriniketan; and as we know he applied it everywhere - equal respect for everybody, equal participation, equal distribution of material and spiritual wealth.

    1. AOnce a year
    2. BTwice a month
    3. CWeekly
    4. DMonthly

    Answer: (B) Twice a month

    Explanation

    The passage states plainly: "The Sammilani met twice a month - once on new-moon nights, the other on full-moon nights." This directly confirms option B and rules out the other frequencies.

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49. Question 49

    What did Rabindranath Tagore realize while he stayed in Silaidaha?

    Santiniketan attempted to produce a culture, which was Bengali/Indian in its construction and approach yet significant to the modern world. In 1912, Rabindranath established an institution called Ashram-Sammilani. It was a body of elected students with teachers in-charge to look after the functioning of the school. Students' Unions are primarily concerned with student interest; they - or any other union, for that matter - are formed to protect their rights against the authority's misuse of power.

    There was a court run by the elected student body. Whenever there was a complaint of any serious offence, the court had its session with the accused in some quiet place after dinner. The Sammilani met twice a month - once on new-moon nights, the other on full-moon nights.

    During Rabindranath's long stay at Silaidaha among the villagers he realised that only self-sufficiency, self-rule and self-respect could free our rural population from their weakness, poverty and sense of inferiority; that it was society that should rule, not the state imported from Europe. Sriniketan - Visva-Bharati's rural development/reconstruction programme started in 1922.

    Rabindranath applied the principles of the co-operative movement to Sriniketan; and as we know he applied it everywhere - equal respect for everybody, equal participation, equal distribution of material and spiritual wealth.

    1. AOnly education can uplift society.
    2. BSociety should rule, not the state imported from Europe.
    3. CIndustrialization is the major key to prosperity.
    4. DTraditional model of governance is the best approach.

    Answer: (B) Society should rule, not the state imported from Europe.

    Explanation

    The passage states that during his stay at Silaidaha, Tagore "realised that only self-sufficiency, self-rule and self-respect could free our rural population from their weakness, poverty and sense of inferiority; that it was society that should rule, not the state imported from Europe" — matching option B directly. The passage never mentions education alone, industrialization, or traditional governance as his realization.

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50. Question 50

    What principles did Rabindranath Tagore apply to Sriniketan's rural development programme?

    Santiniketan attempted to produce a culture, which was Bengali/Indian in its construction and approach yet significant to the modern world. In 1912, Rabindranath established an institution called Ashram-Sammilani. It was a body of elected students with teachers in-charge to look after the functioning of the school. Students' Unions are primarily concerned with student interest; they - or any other union, for that matter - are formed to protect their rights against the authority's misuse of power.

    There was a court run by the elected student body. Whenever there was a complaint of any serious offence, the court had its session with the accused in some quiet place after dinner. The Sammilani met twice a month - once on new-moon nights, the other on full-moon nights.

    During Rabindranath's long stay at Silaidaha among the villagers he realised that only self-sufficiency, self-rule and self-respect could free our rural population from their weakness, poverty and sense of inferiority; that it was society that should rule, not the state imported from Europe. Sriniketan - Visva-Bharati's rural development/reconstruction programme started in 1922.

    Rabindranath applied the principles of the co-operative movement to Sriniketan; and as we know he applied it everywhere - equal respect for everybody, equal participation, equal distribution of material and spiritual wealth.

    1. ACentralized governance
    2. BIndustrial growth
    3. CEqual respect, participation and distribution of wealth
    4. DPersonal growth over community welfare

    Answer: (C) Equal respect, participation and distribution of wealth

    Explanation

    The passage's final line states: "Rabindranath applied the principles of the co-operative movement to Sriniketan ... equal respect for everybody, equal participation, equal distribution of material and spiritual wealth" — matching option C directly. This contradicts centralized governance, industrial growth, or personal growth over community welfare, none of which appear in the passage.

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100 questions with the answer key and explanations.

1. Question 1

   Arrange the following works of Thomas Carlyle in the chronological order of publication:

   • (A) Periods of European Culture
   • (B) Specimens of German Romance
   • (C) Heroes and Hero Worship
   • (D) German Literature
   • (E) Revolution of Modern Europe
   1. A(A), (B), (C), (D), (E)
   2. B(B), (D), (A), (E), (C)
   3. C(C), (D), (A), (B), (E)
   4. D(E), (B), (C), (A), (B)

   Answer: (B) (B), (D), (A), (E), (C)

   Explanation

   Specimens of German Romance appeared first in 1827. Carlyle's lecture series then followed in the order German Literature (1837), Periods of European Culture (1838), Revolution of Modern Europe (1839), and Heroes and Hero Worship (1840). That makes option B the correct sequence.

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2. Question 2

   Match the following using the table above.

   List - I	List - II
   (A) Tughlaq	(I) V. K. Gokak
   (B) The Goddess Speaks	(II) M. V. Rama Sarma
   (C) My Forest	(III) Girish Karnad
   (D) Towards Marriage	(IV) V. D. Trivedi

   List I and List II for works and authors

   1. A(A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
   2. B(A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
   3. C(A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
   4. D(A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)

   Answer: (A) (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)

   Explanation

   Tughlaq was written by Girish Karnad. The Goddess Speaks is by V. K. Gokak. My Forest is associated with V. D. Trivedi, and Towards Marriage with M. V. Rama Sarma. So the correct mapping is option A.

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3. Question 3

   Stephen Dedalus appears as a character in:

   (A) A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

   (B) Mrs. Dalloway

   (C) The Voyage Out

   (D) Ulysses

   (E) To the Light House

   1. A(C) and (D) Only
   2. B(A) and (D) Only
   3. C(B) and (C) Only
   4. D(C) and (E) Only

   Answer: (B) (A) and (D) Only

   Explanation

   Stephen Dedalus appears in James Joyce's

   A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and

   Ulysses. He does not appear in Mrs. Dalloway, The Voyage Out, or To the Lighthouse. Therefore option B is correct.

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4. Question 4

   Which of the following poems are not by Robert Frost?

   • (A) "An Old Man's Winter Night"
   • (B) "The Grindstone"
   • (C) "The Smile"
   • (D) "Under the Balcony"
   • (E) "The New Remorse"
   1. A(D) and (E) Only
   2. B(C) and (E) Only
   3. C(C) and (D) Only
   4. D(A) and (B) Only

   Answer: (C) (C) and (D) Only

   Explanation

   An Old Man's Winter Night, The Grindstone, and The New Remorse are Robert Frost poems. The Smile and Under the Balcony are not. So option C is the correct pair.

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5. Question 5

   Match the following using the table above.

   List - I	List - II
   (A) The Wind Flower	(I) 1970
   (B) Enchantment and Sorrow	(II) 1947
   (C) Tin Flute	(III) 1975
   (D) Garden in the Wind	(IV) 1984

   List I and List II for works and publication years

   1. A(A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
   2. B(A)-(I), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(III)
   3. C(A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)
   4. D(A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)

   Answer: (B) (A)-(I), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(III)

   Explanation

   The Wind Flower is from 1970, Enchantment and Sorrow from 1984, Tin Flute from 1947, and Garden in the Wind from 1975. That gives the mapping in option B.

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6. Question 6

   Which of the following is not known as a War Poet in English Literature?

   1. ARupert Brooke
   2. BSiegfried Sassoon
   3. CWilfred Owen
   4. DJohn Masefield

   Answer: (D) John Masefield

   Explanation

   Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon, and Wilfred Owen are central First World War poets. John Masefield is better known as poet laureate, novelist, and narrative poet rather than as a canonical war poet. Hence option D is correct.

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7. Question 7

   Who is the author of A Course in General Linguistics?

   1. ARoman Jakobson
   2. BC. S. Peirce
   3. CFerdinand de Saussure
   4. DJulia Kristeva

   Answer: (C) Ferdinand de Saussure

   Explanation

   A Course in General Linguistics is associated with Ferdinand de Saussure, whose ideas shaped structural linguistics. The other figures are important theorists, but not the author attached to this foundational text. So option C is correct.

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8. Question 8

   Which of the following is not among the University Wits?

   1. AJohn Lyly
   2. BThomas Norton
   3. CThomas Nash
   4. DGeorge Peele

   Answer: (B) Thomas Norton

   Explanation

   John Lyly, Thomas Nashe, and George Peele are counted among the University Wits. Thomas Norton is best known as the co-author of Gorboduc and is not usually included in that group. Therefore option B is correct.

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9. Question 9

   Arrange the following in the chronological order of their publication:

   • (A) Studies in the History of the Renaissance by Walter Pater
   • (B) The French Revolution by Thomas Carlyle
   • (C) Unto This Last by John Ruskin
   • (D) The Making of England by John Richard Green
   • (E) On the Origin of Species by Charles Robert Darwin
   1. A(A), (B), (C), (D), (E)
   2. B(B), (E), (C), (A), (D)
   3. C(C), (D), (E), (A), (B)
   4. D(E), (D), (C), (B), (A)

   Answer: (B) (B), (E), (C), (A), (D)

   Explanation

   The French Revolution came first in 1837. On the Origin of Species was published in 1859, Unto This Last in 1860-62, Studies in the History of the Renaissance in 1873, and The Making of England in 1881. So option B gives the right order.

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10. Question 10

    Match the following using the table above.

    List - I	List - II
    (A) The New India	(I) J. Krishnamurti
    (B) This Matter of Culture	(II) Ved Mehta
    (C) East of Home	(III) V. V. John
    (D) Light Luggage	(IV) Santha Rama Rau

    List I and List II for works and authors

    1. A(A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
    2. B(A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
    3. C(A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
    4. D(A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)

    Answer: (A) (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)

    Explanation

    The New India is by Ved Mehta, This Matter of Culture by J. Krishnamurti, East of Home by Santha Rama Rau, and Light Luggage by V. V. John. That makes option A the correct matching set.

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11. Question 11

    Black Feminism pays attention to:

    • (A) The material lives of Black women
    • (B) The patriarchal nature of black society and traditions
    • (C) The growth of individualism
    • (D) The possibilities of 'Sisterhood' of black women
    • (E) Conforming to hetero sexual relationship only
    1. A(C), (D) and (E) Only
    2. B(A), (B) and (C) Only
    3. C(B), (C) and (E) Only
    4. D(A), (B) and (D) Only

    Answer: (D) (A), (B) and (D) Only

    Explanation

    Black feminism is concerned with the material conditions of Black women's lives, critiques patriarchy, and explores forms of solidarity or sisterhood among Black women. It does not center on individualism alone, and it does not restrict women to heterosexual relations. Hence option D is correct.

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12. Question 12

    Lycidas is an example of which of the following?

    1. ARomantic epic
    2. BPastoral epic
    3. CClassical epic
    4. DModern epic

    Answer: (B) Pastoral epic

    Explanation

    Milton's Lycidas is properly known as a pastoral elegy, not an epic. Because pastoral elegy is missing from the options, option B is the nearest intended answer and matches the exam's likely classification. This item needs review because the source options are conceptually flawed.

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13. Question 13

    Which of the following can be classified as Science Fiction?

    • (A) The Moonlight
    • (B) Time Machine
    • (C) Great Expectations
    • (D) The Golden Gate
    • (E) Brave New World
    1. A(E) and (C) Only
    2. B(B) and (D) Only
    3. C(B) and (E) Only
    4. D(A) and (D) Only

    Answer: (C) (B) and (E) Only

    Explanation

    The Time Machine by H. G. Wells and Brave New World by Aldous Huxley are standard science-fiction texts. Great Expectations is realist fiction, and The Golden Gate is a verse novel. Therefore option C is correct.

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14. Question 14

    Feminist literary and cultural theory draws a link between:

    • (A) The representation of women in art
    • (B) Examining how the privileging of some meanings is at the cost of others
    • (C) The real, material conditions in which women live
    • (D) The ideological basis of acts of imagination
    • (E) Providing the native with the means of resistance
    1. A(A) and (B) Only
    2. B(B) and (C) Only
    3. C(A) and (C) Only
    4. D(B) and (E) Only

    Answer: (C) (A) and (C) Only

    Explanation

    A central feminist move is to connect representation with the material conditions of women's lives. Statement B is a broader post-structural concern, and E belongs more to postcolonial discourse. So option C is the best answer.

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15. Question 15

    Arrange the following in the chronological order of their publication:

    • (A) Hymns in Darkness
    • (B) The Unfinished Man
    • (C) A Time to Change and Other Poems
    • (D) Sixty Poems
    • (E) The Exact Name
    1. A(A), (E), (C), (D), (B)
    2. B(B), (A), (D), (C), (E)
    3. C(E), (A), (C), (B), (E)
    4. D(C), (D), (B), (E), (A)

    Answer: (D) (C), (D), (B), (E), (A)

    Explanation

    These are Nissim Ezekiel's collections. The order is A Time to Change and Other Poems (1952), Sixty Poems (1953), The Unfinished Man (1960), The Exact Name (1965), and Hymns in Darkness (1976). That matches option D.

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16. Question 16

    Which of the following is not correct about the cognitive approach to language learning?

    1. AIt lays emphasis on conscious acquisition of language
    2. BIt seeks intellectual understanding by the learner
    3. CIt seeks a reasonable understanding of structure of the language to develop better use of language
    4. DIt rejects the teaching of grammar and language rules

    Answer: (D) It rejects the teaching of grammar and language rules

    Explanation

    The cognitive approach values understanding, awareness, and grasp of structure. It does not reject grammar and rules outright; instead, it uses them meaningfully. Hence option D is the incorrect statement and therefore the right answer.

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17. Question 17

    Which of the following poets describes himself as "not an Indian poet but a poet writing a universal language of poetry, of feeling, of love and hate and sex"?

    1. AArvind Krishna Mehrotra
    2. BKeki N. Daruwalla
    3. CJayanta Mahapatra
    4. DShiv K. Kumar

    Answer: (A) Arvind Krishna Mehrotra

    Explanation

    The statement is associated with A. K. Mehrotra. It reflects his refusal to reduce poetry to national labeling and his emphasis on the universality of poetic language. Therefore option A is correct.

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18. Question 18

    Which of the following statement(s) are true about synecdoche?

    • (A) It is a comparison between two objects
    • (B) It is a figure of speech in which part refers to the whole
    • (C) It is a figure of speech in which the name of an attribute is substituted for that of the thing meant
    • (D) It is a comparison between two unrelated objects
    • (E) It is a figure of speech in which the whole refers to a part
    1. A(A) and (E) Only
    2. B(B) and (C) Only
    3. C(D) and (E) Only
    4. D(B) and (E) Only

    Answer: (D) (B) and (E) Only

    Explanation

    In synecdoche, a part can stand for the whole and the whole can stand for a part. Statement C defines metonymy, while A and D describe comparison-based figures. So option D is correct.

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19. Question 19

    Who has written The Metaphysical Poets?

    1. ASamuel Johnson
    2. BJohn Donne
    3. CT. S. Eliot
    4. DW. B. Yeats

    Answer: (C) T. S. Eliot

    Explanation

    T. S. Eliot wrote the influential essay "The Metaphysical Poets" in 1921. Samuel Johnson coined the term in criticism, but he did not write this essay. Therefore option C is correct.

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20. Question 20

    Which of the following is not an Empiricist Philosopher?

    1. ARene Descartes
    2. BDavid Hume
    3. CFrancis Bacon
    4. DJohn Locke

    Answer: (A) Rene Descartes

    Explanation

    René Descartes is associated with rationalism, not empiricism. Hume, Bacon, and Locke are all central empiricist thinkers. So option A is correct.

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21. Question 21

    Which of the following writers do not exclusively belong to the eighteenth century?

    • (A) Oliver Goldsmith
    • (B) Thomas Gray
    • (C) Robert Southey
    • (D) William Cowper
    • (E) Charles Lamb
    1. A(A) and (D) Only
    2. B(C) and (D) Only
    3. C(B) and (E) Only
    4. D(C) and (E) Only

    Answer: (D) (C) and (E) Only

    Explanation

    Robert Southey and Charles Lamb are strongly associated with the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Goldsmith, Gray, and Cowper are principally eighteenth-century figures. Hence option D is correct.

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22. Question 22

    Which of the following is true about Aime Cesaire?

    • (A) Aime Cesaire is best known for the term 'negritude'
    • (B) Aime Cesaire was influenced by the Harlem Renaissance
    • (C) Aime Cesaire wrote The Wretched of the Earth
    • (D) Aime Cesaire was a feminist writer
    • (E) Aime Cesaire argued that colonialism was never a benevolent enterprise
    1. A(A), (B) and (C) Only
    2. B(A), (C) and (D) Only
    3. C(A), (B) and (E) Only
    4. D(C), (D) and (E) Only

    Answer: (C) (A), (B) and (E) Only

    Explanation

    Aime Cesaire is closely linked with Négritude, was influenced by Black diasporic currents including the Harlem Renaissance, and in Discourse on Colonialism argued that colonialism was not benevolent. The Wretched of the Earth was written by Frantz Fanon, not Cesaire. So option C is correct.

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23. Question 23

    Match the following using the table above.

    List - I	List - II
    (A) Metonymy	(I) Tell me not, Sweet, I am unkind
    (B) Paradox	(II) Busy old fool, unruly Sun
    (C) Personification	(III) I enjoy reading Shakespeare
    (D) Metaphor	(IV) The river snakes its way through the mountains

    List I and List II for figures of speech and examples

    1. A(A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
    2. B(A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)
    3. C(A)-(IV), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(I)
    4. D(A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)

    Answer: (D) (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)

    Explanation

    Metonymy is illustrated by "I enjoy reading Shakespeare" because the author stands for the works. Paradox fits "Tell me not, Sweet, I am unkind". Personification fits "The river snakes its way through the mountains". The remaining line "Busy old fool, unruly Sun" is the intended match for metaphor in the option set. Thus option D is the keyed mapping.

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24. Question 24

    What is the correct chronological order of the following poets?

    • (A) Thomas Carew
    • (B) Edward Herbert
    • (C) John Donne
    • (D) George Herbert
    • (E) James Shirley
    1. A(C), (D), (A), (B), (E)
    2. B(C), (B), (D), (A), (E)
    3. C(A), (C), (B), (E), (D)
    4. D(C), (D), (A), (E), (A)

    Answer: (B) (C), (B), (D), (A), (E)

    Explanation

    By birth order, the sequence is John Donne (1572), Edward Herbert (1583), George Herbert (1593), Thomas Carew (1595), and James Shirley (1596). That matches option B.

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25. Question 25

    Which of the following statements help in understanding the concept of interdisciplinarity?

    • (A) Application of education beyond University
    • (B) Combination of two or more topics, disciplines or subject matters
    • (C) Focusing on one domain for one lesson
    • (D) The idea of bringing together diverse disciplines
    • (E) Education is for the people and their development at large
    1. A(A) and (E) Only
    2. B(A) and (B) Only
    3. C(B) and (E) Only
    4. D(A) and (D) Only

    Answer: (A) (A) and (E) Only

    Explanation

    The best-supported statements are B and D, because interdisciplinarity involves combining and bringing together disciplines. That exact combination is missing from the source options, so the item appears malformed. Per the extraction rule, this is marked needsReview: true and the answer is defaulted to A until the question is manually checked.

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26. Question 26

    Who among the following are not part of the Black Aesthetic Movement?

    • (A) David Pepper
    • (B) Stuart Hall
    • (C) Alan Sinfield
    • (D) Anthony Appiah
    • (E) Hazel Carby
    1. A(A) and (B) Only
    2. B(A) and (C) Only
    3. C(C) and (D) Only
    4. D(D) and (E) Only

    Answer: (B) (A) and (C) Only

    Explanation

    David Pepper is associated with ecocriticism and environmental thought, and Alan Sinfield with cultural materialism, not the Black Aesthetic/Black Arts formation. Stuart Hall, Anthony Appiah, and Hazel Carby belong to Black or postcolonial cultural-theoretical traditions, even if they are not all Black Arts figures in the narrow historical sense. So option B is the best answer.

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27. Question 27

    The line "That is no country for old men" figures in which of the following poems?

    1. ASailing to Byzantium
    2. BThe Death of the Hired Man
    3. CA Forsaken Garden
    4. DChannel Firing

    Answer: (A) Sailing to Byzantium

    Explanation

    The famous opening line "That is no country for old men" comes from W. B. Yeats's Sailing to Byzantium. The other poems are by different poets and do not contain that line. So option A is correct.

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28. Question 28

    Arrange the following works of Joseph Conrad in the chronological order of their publication:

    • (A) Heart of Darkness
    • (B) Typhoon
    • (C) Under Western Eyes
    • (D) The Nigger of the Narcissus
    • (E) Outcast of the Islands
    1. A(A), (B), (D), (E), (C)
    2. B(C), (B), (E), (D), (A)
    3. C(E), (D), (A), (B), (C)
    4. D(D), (E), (A), (C), (B)

    Answer: (C) (E), (D), (A), (B), (C)

    Explanation

    The order is Outcast of the Islands (1896), The Nigger of the Narcissus (1897), Heart of Darkness (1899), Typhoon (1902), and Under Western Eyes (1911). That matches option C.

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29. Question 29

    Match the following using the table above.

    List - I (Authors)	List - II (Texts)
    (A) Christopher Marlowe	(I) The Winter's Tale
    (B) William Shakespeare	(II) The Jew of Malta
    (C) Thomas Kyd	(III) Every Man in his Humour
    (D) Ben Jonson	(IV) Spanish Tragedy

    List I and List II for authors and texts

    1. A(A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
    2. B(A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
    3. C(A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
    4. D(A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)

    Answer: (B) (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)

    Explanation

    Christopher Marlowe wrote The Jew of Malta, William Shakespeare wrote The Winter's Tale, Thomas Kyd wrote The Spanish Tragedy, and Ben Jonson wrote Every Man in his Humour. Hence option B is correct.

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30. Question 30

    Choose the correct sequence for writing a research paper:

    • (A) Gathering Data
    • (B) Finding a Topic
    • (C) Finding and Reading the Best Sources
    • (D) Organizing Ideas and Setting Goals
    • (E) Writing the Paper
    1. A(A), (B), (C), (D), (E)
    2. B(A), (B), (D), (C), (E)
    3. C(C), (A), (B), (D), (E)
    4. D(B), (A), (D), (C), (E)

    Answer: (D) (B), (A), (D), (C), (E)

    Explanation

    The sequence should clearly begin with finding a topic and end with writing the paper. Among the given options, D is the closest workable progression. This item still needs review because the middle stages are pedagogically debatable and the source options do not present an ideal research workflow.

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31. Question 31

    The line "Drop drop, slow tears" is the example of:

    1. ADactyl
    2. BPyrrhic
    3. CSpondee
    4. DTrochee

    Answer: (C) Spondee

    Explanation

    "Drop drop" gives two stressed syllables in succession, which is the defining pattern of a spondee. It is not a trochee, dactyl, or pyrrhic. Therefore option C is correct.

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32. Question 32

    Match the following using the table above.

    List - I	List - II
    (A) Trochee	(I) Two stressed syllables
    (B) Dactyl	(II) One stressed followed by two unstressed syllables
    (C) Spondee	(III) Stressed syllable followed by unstressed
    (D) Iambics	(IV) Unstressed followed by stressed syllable

    List I and List II for metrical feet and definitions

    1. A(A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
    2. B(A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(III)
    3. C(A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
    4. D(A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)

    Answer: (A) (A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)

    Explanation

    Trochee is stressed followed by unstressed, dactyl is one stressed followed by two unstressed, spondee is two stressed syllables, and iambics are unstressed followed by stressed. So option A gives the right mapping.

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33. Question 33

    Match the following using the table above.

    List - I	List - II
    (A) "Preface to Fables, Ancient and Modern"	(I) Joseph Addison
    (B) "The Pleasures of Imagination"	(II) I. A. Richards
    (C) "The Function of Criticism"	(III) John Dryden
    (D) "The Imagination"	(IV) T. S. Eliot

    List I and List II for essays and critics

    1. A(A)-(IV), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(I)
    2. B(A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
    3. C(A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
    4. D(A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)

    Answer: (B) (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)

    Explanation

    "Preface to Fables, Ancient and Modern" is by John Dryden, "The Pleasures of Imagination" by Joseph Addison, "The Function of Criticism" by T. S. Eliot, and "The Imagination" by I. A. Richards in the logic of this question set. Therefore option B is correct.

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34. Question 34

    Women's Studies is focused and built upon:

    • (A) Feminist critique of knowledge
    • (B) Cultural response of the native
    • (C) Political nature of the critical race theory
    • (D) The shift from liberal feminist views to more socialist and radical views of gender roles and culture
    • (E) Production of texts only
    1. A(A) and (B) Only
    2. B(B) and (C) Only
    3. C(A) and (E) Only
    4. D(A) and (D) Only

    Answer: (D) (A) and (D) Only

    Explanation

    Women's Studies grows out of a feminist critique of knowledge and from widening feminist debates, including shifts toward socialist and radical analyses of gender and culture. The other statements do not define the field. So option D is correct.

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35. Question 35

    Arrange the following literary texts in the order of their publication:

    • (A) The Dunciad
    • (B) Essay on Man
    • (C) The Rape of the Lock
    • (D) Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot
    • (E) Windsor Forest
    1. A(E), (A), (D), (C), (B)
    2. B(C), (E), (A), (B), (D)
    3. C(B), (E), (A), (D), (C)
    4. D(A), (B), (C), (D), (E)

    Answer: (B) (C), (E), (A), (B), (D)

    Explanation

    Alexander Pope published The Rape of the Lock first, then Windsor Forest, then The Dunciad, followed by Essay on Man, and finally Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot. That sequence matches option B.

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36. Question 36

    Arrange the following literary magazines in the chronological order of their first appearance:

    • (A) The Westminster Review
    • (B) The Edinburgh Review
    • (C) The Quarterly Review
    • (D) Blackwood's Magazine
    • (E) The London Magazine
    1. A(A), (B), (C), (D), (E)
    2. B(C), (D), (E), (A), (B)
    3. C(B), (C), (D), (E), (A)
    4. D(E), (D), (A), (B), (C)

    Answer: (C) (B), (C), (D), (E), (A)

    Explanation

    The Edinburgh Review began in 1802, The Quarterly Review in 1809, Blackwood's Magazine in 1817, The London Magazine in 1820, and The Westminster Review in 1824. Hence option C is correct.

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37. Question 37

    Who is the author of The French Revolution?

    1. AThomas Carlyle
    2. BJohn Ruskin
    3. CJoseph Addison
    4. DJohn Henry Newman

    Answer: (A) Thomas Carlyle

    Explanation

    The French Revolution: A History was written by Thomas Carlyle. The other writers are important prose writers and critics, but not the author of this work.

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38. Question 38

    Who wrote the famous book History of Dramatic English Literature?

    1. AWilliam Ward
    2. BA. C. Bradley
    3. CDavid Daiches
    4. DAnthony Powell

    Answer: (A) William Ward

    Explanation

    The reference is to A. W. Ward's History of English Dramatic Literature. The paper prints the name as William Ward, so option A is the intended answer.

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39. Question 39

    The plays which are based on the Biblical stories are known as:

    1. AMiracle plays
    2. BMystery plays
    3. CSentimental plays
    4. DMorality plays

    Answer: (B) Mystery plays

    Explanation

    Mystery plays dramatize stories from the Bible. Miracle plays focus on saints' lives, while morality plays are allegorical. Therefore option B is correct.

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40. Question 40

    Arrange the following in the chronological order of their publication:

    • (A) Jane Eyre
    • (B) Henry Esmond
    • (C) The Lady of the Last Minstrel
    • (D) Mary Barton
    • (E) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
    1. A(E), (D), (A), (B), (C)
    2. B(C), (A), (B), (D), (E)
    3. C(C), (A), (D), (B), (E)
    4. D(A), (B), (C), (D), (E)

    Answer: (C) (C), (A), (D), (B), (E)

    Explanation

    The Lady of the Last Minstrel (1805) came first, followed by Jane Eyre (1847), Mary Barton (1848), Henry Esmond (1852), and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886). That sequence matches option C.

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41. Question 41

    Match the following using the table above.

    List - I	List - II
    (A) Archetypal Patterns in Poetry	(I) Norman Holland
    (B) The Dynamics of Literary Response	(II) Harold Bloom
    (C) The Anxiety of Influence	(III) Maud Bodkin
    (D) A Literature of Their Own	(IV) Elaine Showalter

    List I and List II for critical works and critics

    1. A(A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)
    2. B(A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
    3. C(A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
    4. D(A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)

    Answer: (A) (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)

    Explanation

    Archetypal Patterns in Poetry is by Maud Bodkin, The Dynamics of Literary Response by Norman Holland, The Anxiety of Influence by Harold Bloom, and A Literature of Their Own by Elaine Showalter. So option A is correct.

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42. Question 42

    Which of the following statements are true about cyberfeminism?

    • (A) Women are not demanding material and social space
    • (B) It interrogates the patriarchal nature of the new Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
    • (C) It is a negotiation with the contemporary culture's extensive informatization
    • (D) Virtual environment does not provide greater freedom to women
    • (E) Women are unable to appropriate the materiality of cyberspace
    1. A(A) and (E) Only
    2. B(B) and (C) Only
    3. C(C) and (D) Only
    4. D(D) and (E) Only

    Answer: (B) (B) and (C) Only

    Explanation

    Cyberfeminism critiques the patriarchal structures of technology and engages with the informatized conditions of contemporary culture. Statements A, D, and E run against that framework. So option B is correct.

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43. Question 43

    Midnight's Children is a representative text of:

    1. APoststructuralism
    2. BPostcolonialism
    3. CPostmodernism
    4. DModernism

    Answer: (C) Postmodernism

    Explanation

    Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children is widely discussed as a postmodern novel because of its self-reflexivity, nonlinear narration, magical realism, and historiographic play. It is also central to postcolonial studies, but within this option set postmodernism is the best fit.

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44. Question 44

    Which of the following poems are by Sir Walter Scott?

    • (A) "Christmas in the Olden Time"
    • (B) "After the Last Breath"
    • (C) "Lochinvar"
    • (D) "Dance of Death"
    • (E) "A Man was Drawing near to Me"
    1. A(A), (B), (D) Only
    2. B(B), (C), (E) Only
    3. C(C), (D), (E) Only
    4. D(A), (C), (D) Only

    Answer: (D) (A), (C), (D) Only

    Explanation

    "Christmas in the Olden Time," "Lochinvar," and "Dance of Death" are by Sir Walter Scott. "A Man was Drawing near to Me" is not Scott's, and neither is "After the Last Breath". Therefore option D is correct.

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45. Question 45

    Who is the author of the French novel Le Journal de Mademoiselle d'Arvers?

    1. AM. K. Naik
    2. BRabindra Nath Tagore
    3. CToru Dutt
    4. DEmily Zola

    Answer: (C) Toru Dutt

    Explanation

    Le Journal de Mademoiselle d'Arvers was written by Toru Dutt. The key on the source page points elsewhere, but that is incorrect. So option C is the validated answer.

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46. Question 46

    Who has written Jejuri?

    1. AR. Parthasarathy
    2. BNissim Ezekiel
    3. CArun Kolatkar
    4. DJayanta Mahapatra

    Answer: (C) Arun Kolatkar

    Explanation

    Jejuri is Arun Kolatkar's well-known poetry collection. Therefore option C is correct.

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47. Question 47

    Match the following using the table above.

    List - I	List - II
    (A) Postmodernism	(I) Jacques Lacan
    (B) Psychoanalysis	(II) Stephen Greenblatt
    (C) Mimicry	(III) Jean Baudrillard
    (D) New Historicism	(IV) Homi Bhabha

    List I and List II for concepts and theorists

    1. A(A)-(IV), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)
    2. B(A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
    3. C(A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
    4. D(A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)

    Answer: (D) (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)

    Explanation

    Postmodernism is associated with Jean Baudrillard, Psychoanalysis with Jacques Lacan, Mimicry with Homi Bhabha, and New Historicism with Stephen Greenblatt. So option D is correct.

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48. Question 48

    Who is the author of Abhijnanasakuntalam?

    1. ABhavabhuti
    2. BKalidasa
    3. CShudraka
    4. DBanabhatta

    Answer: (B) Kalidasa

    Explanation

    Abhijnanasakuntalam was written by Kalidasa. Therefore option B is correct.

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49. Question 49

    Match the following using the table above.

    List - I	List - II
    (A) Untouchable	(I) Raja Rao
    (B) The Serpent and the Rope	(II) R. K. Narayan
    (C) Nectar in a Sieve	(III) Mulk Raj Anand
    (D) A Tiger for Malgudi	(IV) Kamala Markandaya

    List I and List II for novels and authors

    1. A(A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)
    2. B(A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
    3. C(A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
    4. D(A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

    Answer: (B) (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)

    Explanation

    Untouchable is by Mulk Raj Anand, The Serpent and the Rope by Raja Rao, Nectar in a Sieve by Kamala Markandaya, and A Tiger for Malgudi by R. K. Narayan. Hence option B is correct.

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50. Question 50

    Of the following, what is not true about Pidgins and Creoles?

    1. ASpoken by the Third World Countries
    2. BDistorted versions of other languages
    3. CNew languages in their own right
    4. DDeveloped during the periods of linguistic crisis

    Answer: (B) Distorted versions of other languages

    Explanation

    Pidgins and creoles are not merely distorted versions of other languages; creoles in particular are fully developed languages in their own right. So option B is the false statement.

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51. Question 51

    "The Frontiers of Criticism" by T. S. Eliot is associated with:

    1. ANew Historicism
    2. BNew Criticism
    3. CPostmodernism
    4. DPostcolonialism

    Answer: (B) New Criticism

    Explanation

    Eliot's essay "The Frontiers of Criticism" is discussed in relation to New Criticism, even as it also interrogates aspects of critical method. Therefore option B is the intended answer.

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52. Question 52

    Which of the following poets are called Graveyard poets?

    • (A) W. B. Yeats
    • (B) Thomas Parnell
    • (C) Edward Young
    • (D) T. S. Eliot
    • (E) Robert Blair
    1. A(B), (D), (E) Only
    2. B(A), (B), (D) Only
    3. C(A), (D) Only
    4. D(B), (C), (E) Only

    Answer: (D) (B), (C), (E) Only

    Explanation

    Thomas Parnell, Edward Young, and Robert Blair belong to the so-called Graveyard School. Yeats and Eliot do not. Therefore option D is correct.

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53. Question 53

    In Patrick White's Voss, the character Voss is:

    1. Aan explorer of land
    2. Bin search of wealth
    3. Ca crazy German trying to make his experience worthwhile
    4. Dexploring his self

    Answer: (D) exploring his self

    Explanation

    In critical readings of Patrick White's Voss, Voss's journey is treated not merely as geographical exploration but as a spiritual and inward quest. So option D is the best answer.

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54. Question 54

    Robert Browning's "My Last Duchess" is an example of:

    1. AInterior Monologue
    2. BDramatic Monologue
    3. CSoliloquy
    4. DAside

    Answer: (B) Dramatic Monologue

    Explanation

    "My Last Duchess" is the classic Victorian dramatic monologue. Therefore option B is correct.

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55. Question 55

    Which of the following was not an Irish playwright?

    1. AGeorge Bernard Shaw
    2. BJohn Millington Synge
    3. COscar Wilde
    4. DHarold Pinter

    Answer: (D) Harold Pinter

    Explanation

    Shaw, Synge, and Wilde are all Irish. Harold Pinter was English, so option D is correct.

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56. Question 56

    Arrange the following in the chronological order of their appearance in English literary history:

    • (A) Art for Art's sake
    • (B) Epistolary Novel
    • (C) Metaphysical Poetry
    • (D) Epic Theatre
    • (E) Stream of Consciousness Technique
    1. A(A), (B), (C), (D), (E)
    2. B(D), (C), (A), (B), (E)
    3. C(C), (B), (A), (E), (D)
    4. D(C), (D), (E), (A), (B)

    Answer: (C) (C), (B), (A), (E), (D)

    Explanation

    Metaphysical Poetry belongs to the seventeenth century, the epistolary novel to the eighteenth, Art for Art's sake to the nineteenth, stream of consciousness to the early twentieth, and epic theatre to the twentieth century. Hence option C is correct.

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57. Question 57

    Which of the following is considered as the first published composition in English by an Indian?

    1. AMackenzie Manuscripts
    2. BNewcomes
    3. CAccounts of the Jains
    4. DThe Brahmanical Magazine

    Answer: (D) The Brahmanical Magazine

    Explanation

    The Brahmanical Magazine by Raja Rammohan Roy is generally treated as one of the earliest published compositions in English by an Indian. Therefore option D is correct.

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58. Question 58

    Match the following using the table above.

    List - I	List - II
    (A) Afro-American Literature	(I) Basudev Sunani
    (B) Caribbean literature	(II) Sally Morgan
    (C) Australian Aboriginal literature	(III) V. S. Naipaul
    (D) Dalit Literature	(IV) Zora Neale Hurston

    List I and List II for literary traditions and writers

    1. A(A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
    2. B(A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
    3. C(A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
    4. D(A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)

    Answer: (A) (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

    Explanation

    Afro-American literature is represented here by Zora Neale Hurston, Caribbean literature by V. S. Naipaul, Australian Aboriginal literature by Sally Morgan, and Dalit literature by Basudev Sunani. So option A is correct.

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59. Question 59

    Who wrote the famous text On the Dignity of Man?

    1. AGiovanni Pico della Mirandola
    2. BThomas Wyatt
    3. CThomas More
    4. DEdmund Spenser

    Answer: (A) Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

    Explanation

    The famous text Oration on the Dignity of Man (sometimes called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance") was written by the Italian Renaissance philosopher and nobleman Giovanni Pico della Mirandola in 1486.

    The text is a foundational document of Renaissance humanism.

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60. Question 60

    Arrange the following in the chronological order of their publications:

    • (A) Love and Death
    • (B) Uroasie: A Poem
    • (C) Songs to Myrtilla
    • (D) Savitri
    • (E) Chitrangada
    1. A(A), (C), (D), (B), (E)
    2. B(C), (B), (E), (A), (D)
    3. C(A), (B), (C), (D), (E)
    4. D(E), (A), (C), (D), (B)

    Answer: (A) (A), (C), (D), (B), (E)

    Explanation

    This chronology is noisy in the source and the OCR is imperfect, but the early nineteenth-century Indian English works clearly precede Tagore's Chitrangada and the much later Aurobindo's Savitri. Option A is the closest validated sequence from the printed set, though the item remains uncertain.

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61. Question 61

    The line "Because I could not stop for Death - He kindly stopped for me" figures in whose poetry?

    1. AWilliam Butler Yeats
    2. BEmily Dickinson
    3. CThomas Hardy
    4. DChristina Rossetti

    Answer: (B) Emily Dickinson

    Explanation

    The line is from Emily Dickinson's famous poem beginning "Because I could not stop for Death". Therefore option B is correct.

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62. Question 62

    Arrange the following in the chronological order of their publications:

    (A) Hemachandra Joshi's Plays for the Young

    (B) Balwant Gargi's The Knife

    (C) P. K. Bosu's Conrad and Leonora

    (D) Abdul Ali's The Land of Twilight

    (E) D. M. Borgaonkar's Image Breakers

    1. A(C), (A), (D), (E), (B)
    2. B(A), (B), (C), (D), (E)
    3. C(C), (B), (A), (E), (D)
    4. D(D), (C), (B), (A), (E)

    Answer: (A) (C), (A), (D), (E), (B)

    Explanation

    (C) P. K. Bosu’s Conrad and Leonora — 1921
    (A) Hemachandra Joshi’s Plays for the Young — 1936
    (D) Abdul Ali’s The Land of Twilight — 1937
    (E) D. M. Borgaonkar’s Image Breakers — 1938
    (B) Balwant Gargi’s The Knife — 1971

    Correct Chronological Order:
    C → A → D → E → B

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63. Question 63

    Who made the following statement?

    "Truly neither philosopher nor historiographer could have entered into the gates of popular judgments, if they had not taken a great passport of poetry."

    1. AAristotle
    2. BPlato
    3. CPhilip Sidney
    4. DWilliam Wordsworth

    Answer: (C) Philip Sidney

    Explanation

    The statement comes from Philip Sidney's An Apology for Poetry (also known as Defence of Poesy). Therefore option C is correct.

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64. Question 64

    Which of the following are correct about the components of Romantic epistemology?

    • (A) The active-projective view of human self or mind
    • (B) Mechanical, impersonal and artificial
    • (C) Distrust of reason
    • (D) Belief in reason
    • (E) Collectivism
    1. A(B) and (D) Only
    2. B(D) and (E) Only
    3. C(A) and (C) Only
    4. D(B) and (E) Only

    Answer: (C) (A) and (C) Only

    Explanation

    Romantic epistemology emphasizes the active, creative self and often shows a distrust of cold rationalism. Statements B, D, and E do not fit that framework. So option C is correct.

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65. Question 65

    Which of the following periods in African American writing is called the Harlem Renaissance?

    1. A1917-1920
    2. B1939-1945
    3. C1930-1935
    4. D1960-1970

    Answer: (A) 1917-1920

    Explanation

    The Harlem Renaissance belongs broadly to the 1920s, and among the given options 1917-1920 is the nearest and intended period marker. Therefore option A is the best answer within the printed set.

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66. Question 66

    Who introduced the concept of Biopower?

    1. AEdward Said
    2. BChinua Achebe
    3. CWalter Benjamin
    4. DMichel Foucault

    Answer: (D) Michel Foucault

    Explanation

    The concept of biopower is associated with Michel Foucault. Therefore option D is correct.

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67. Question 67

    Which of the following is not connected to postmodernism?

    • (A) Self-reflexivity
    • (B) Industrialisation
    • (C) Magic Realism
    • (D) Absolutism
    • (E) Hybridity of Styles
    1. A(A) and (C) Only
    2. B(C) and (E) Only
    3. C(B) and (D) Only
    4. D(A) and (E) Only

    Answer: (C) (B) and (D) Only

    Explanation

    Industrialisation and absolutism are not defining features of postmodernism. By contrast, self-reflexivity, magic realism, and hybridity of styles are frequently associated with it. So option C is correct.

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68. Question 68

    Arrange the following literary texts in the order of their publication:

    • (A) The Taming of the Shrew
    • (B) Love's Labour's Lost
    • (C) The Merchant of Venice
    • (D) Much Ado About Nothing
    • (E) The Winter's Tale
    1. A(C), (E), (B), (A), (D)
    2. B(D), (A), (B), (C), (E)
    3. C(D), (E), (C), (A), (B)
    4. D(A), (B), (C), (D), (E)

    Answer: (D) (A), (B), (C), (D), (E)

    Explanation

    Among these Shakespeare plays, the likely order is The Taming of the Shrew, Love's Labour's Lost, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, and finally The Winter's Tale. That matches option D.

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69. Question 69

    Who wrote "A Defence of Hindoo Theism"?

    1. AM. K. Gandhi
    2. BSri Aurobindo
    3. CRaja Ram Mohan Roy
    4. DB. R. Ambedkar

    Answer: (C) Raja Ram Mohan Roy

    Explanation

    "A Defence of Hindoo Theism" is by Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Therefore option C is correct.

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70. Question 70

    Match the following using the table above.

    List - I	List - II
    (A) A House of Mr. Biswas	(I) 1979
    (B) An Area of Darkness	(II) 1961
    (C) India: A Million Mutinies Now	(III) 1964
    (D) A Bend in the River	(IV) 1990

    List I and List II for V. S. Naipaul works and publication years

    1. A(A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
    2. B(A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
    3. C(A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
    4. D(A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)

    Answer: (B) (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)

    Explanation

    A House for Mr. Biswas was published in 1961, An Area of Darkness in 1964, India: A Million Mutinies Now in 1990, and A Bend in the River in 1979. That gives the mapping in option B.

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71. Question 71

    Which of the following books are not authored by Chinua Achebe?

    • (A) Weep Not, Child
    • (B) A Grain of Wheat
    • (C) Things Fall Apart
    • (D) Arrow of God
    • (E) The Petals of Blood
    1. A(B), (D), (E) Only
    2. B(A), (C), (D) Only
    3. C(A), (B), (E) Only
    4. D(A) and (B) Only

    Answer: (C) (A), (B), (E) Only

    Explanation

    Things Fall Apart and Arrow of God are by Chinua Achebe. Weep Not, Child, A Grain of Wheat, and The Petals of Blood are by Ngugi wa Thiong'o. Therefore option C is correct.

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72. Question 72

    In the poem "Dover Beach" Matthew Arnold speaks about:

    • (A) The sea which is calm literally and metaphorically
    • (B) The sea of faith which was once at its fullest
    • (C) The premonition experienced by Sophocles long ago
    • (D) The uselessness of love
    • (E) The war between England and France
    1. A(A), (D) and (E) Only
    2. B(B), (D) and (E) Only
    3. C(A), (B) and (C) Only
    4. D(C), (D) and (E) Only

    Answer: (C) (A), (B) and (C) Only

    Explanation

    "Dover Beach" invokes the calm sea, the image of the Sea of Faith, and Sophocles' hearing of human misery. It does not argue for the uselessness of love or describe a war between England and France. So option C is correct.

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73. Question 73

    "These English songs gravel one to death." This statement is attributed to:

    1. AMatthew Arnold
    2. BRobert Burns
    3. CAlexander Pope
    4. DJohn Dryden

    Answer: (B) Robert Burns

    Explanation

    The statement is attributed to Robert Burns. Therefore option B is correct.

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74. Question 74

    The first English tragedy Gorboduc was written by:

    • (A) Nicholas Udall
    • (B) Thomas Sackville
    • (C) Thomas Norton
    • (D) Thomas Lyly
    • (E) John Heywood
    1. A(A), (B) and (D) Only
    2. B(C) and (D) Only
    3. C(B) and (C) Only
    4. D(A) and (E) Only

    Answer: (C) (B) and (C) Only

    Explanation

    Gorboduc was written jointly by Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville. Therefore option C is correct.

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75. Question 75

    Arrange the following literary movements in chronological order:

    • (A) Feminist Criticism
    • (B) Deconstruction
    • (C) Russian Formalism
    • (D) Phenomenological Criticism
    • (E) Cultural Studies
    1. A(C), (D), (A), (B), (E)
    2. B(C), (B), (A), (E), (B)
    3. C(D), (C), (B), (A), (E)
    4. D(B), (D), (C), (E), (A)

    Answer: (A) (C), (D), (A), (B), (E)

    Explanation

    Russian Formalism comes first, followed by Phenomenological Criticism, then Feminist Criticism, then Deconstruction, and finally Cultural Studies in the logic of the paper's printed set. Option A is the closest defensible chronology from the source.

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76. Question 76

    Who is the author of Mano Majra?

    1. AS. Menon
    2. BManohar Malgonkar
    3. CBalchandra Rajan
    4. DKhushwant Singh

    Answer: (D) Khushwant Singh

    Explanation

    Mano Majra is the village in Khushwant Singh's Train to Pakistan, and the paper clearly intends Khushwant Singh here. Therefore option D is correct.

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77. Question 77

    Which of the following was not a modernist writer?

    1. AJames Joyce
    2. BVirginia Woolf
    3. CHenry Fielding
    4. DD. H. Lawrence

    Answer: (C) Henry Fielding

    Explanation

    James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and D. H. Lawrence are modernist-era writers. Henry Fielding belongs to the eighteenth century, so option C is correct.

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78. Question 78

    John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger:

    • (A) Represented real confusions among real people of the 1950's
    • (B) Is more important as a cultural phenomenon than as work of literature
    • (C) Is about a provincial graduate of humble social background
    • (D) Is about the upper-class society of 1990's
    • (E) Is Victorian in its outlook
    1. A(C), (D) and (E) Only
    2. B(A), (B) and (E) Only
    3. C(A), (B) and (C) Only
    4. D(B), (D) and (E) Only

    Answer: (C) (A), (B) and (C) Only

    Explanation

    Look Back in Anger captured the confusions of the 1950s, became an important cultural phenomenon, and centers on Jimmy Porter, a lower-middle-class or provincial university graduate. Statements D and E are wrong. So option C is correct.

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79. Question 79

    Nadine Gordimer is a:

    1. ASouth African writer
    2. BWhite Nigerian writer
    3. CWhite South African writer
    4. DKenyan writer

    Answer: (C) White South African writer

    Explanation

    Nadine Gordimer was a white South African writer. Therefore option C is correct.

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80. Question 80

    Which of the following is not a Feminist Critic?

    1. ASimon de Beauvoir
    2. BJudith Butler
    3. CEmily Bronte
    4. DVirginia Woolf

    Answer: (C) Emily Bronte

    Explanation

    Simone de Beauvoir, Judith Butler, and Virginia Woolf are central feminist thinkers or critics. Emily Bronte is a novelist and poet, not generally classified as a feminist critic. So option C is correct.

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81. Question 81

    Match the following using the table above.

    List - I	List - II
    (A) Sons and Lovers	(I) New Historicism
    (B) Waiting for Godot	(II) Feminism
    (C) A Midsummer Night's Dream	(III) Psychoanalysis
    (D) A Room of One's Own	(IV) Postmodernism

    List I and List II for texts and critical approaches

    1. A(A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
    2. B(A)-(IV), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
    3. C(A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
    4. D(A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)

    Answer: (D) (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)

    Explanation

    Sons and Lovers is most often read through psychoanalysis, Waiting for Godot is aligned here with postmodernism, A Midsummer Night's Dream with New Historicism, and A Room of One's Own with Feminism. Therefore option D is correct.

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82. Question 82

    Gabriel Garcia Marquez is famous for which of the following?

    1. AEpic Theatre
    2. BNaturalism
    3. CMagic Realism
    4. DImpressionism

    Answer: (C) Magic Realism

    Explanation

    Gabriel Garcia Marquez is especially associated with magic realism. Therefore option C is correct.

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83. Question 83

    Match the following using the table above.

    List - I	List - II
    (A) "So much depends upon a red wheel barrow"	(I) Ezra Pound
    (B) "Your mind and you are our Sargasso Sea"	(II) Stanley Kunitz
    (C) "Spring is like a perhaps hand (which comes carefully out of nowhere) arranging a window"	(III) William Carlos Williams
    (D) "I caught the cold flash of the blue unappearable sky"	(IV) E. E. Cummings

    List I and List II for poetic lines and poets

    1. A(A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
    2. B(A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)
    3. C(A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
    4. D(A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)

    Answer: (A) (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)

    Explanation

    "So much depends upon a red wheel barrow" is by William Carlos Williams, "Your mind and you are our Sargasso Sea" is matched here with Ezra Pound, "Spring is like a perhaps hand..." is by E. E. Cummings, and "I caught the cold flash of the blue unappearable sky" is by Stanley Kunitz. Hence option A is correct.

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84. Question 84

    Match the following using the table above.

    List - I	List - II
    (A) The moment of protagonist's recognition in a narrative	(I) Catastrophe
    (B) The decisive turn in tragedy by which the plot is resolved	(II) Chiasmas
    (C) The inversion of an already established sequence	(III) Anagnorisis
    (D) The figure by which something distasteful is described in less repugnant terms	(IV) Euphemism

    List I and List II for literary terms and definitions

    1. A(A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
    2. B(A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(II)
    3. C(A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)
    4. D(A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)

    Answer: (C) (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)

    Explanation

    The moment of protagonist's recognition is anagnorisis, the decisive turn in tragedy is catastrophe, the inversion of an established sequence is chiasmus, and a less repugnant expression for something unpleasant is euphemism. So option C is correct.

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85. Question 85

    Globalization is antithetical to:

    • (A) The movement of capital
    • (B) The movement of commodities
    • (C) Cultural nationalism
    • (D) People
    • (E) Narcissism
    1. A(A) and (C) Only
    2. B(C) and (D) Only
    3. C(C) and (E) Only
    4. D(A) and (E) Only

    Answer: (B) (C) and (D) Only

    Explanation

    Globalization encourages flows of capital and commodities, but it often comes into tension with cultural nationalism and can restrict or unevenly regulate the movement of people. So option B is correct.

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86. Question 86

    Deductive method of research intends to:

    1. AMove from particular to general
    2. BMove from general to particular
    3. CMove from particular to particular
    4. DMove from general to general

    Answer: (B) Move from general to particular

    Explanation

    In deductive reasoning, one moves from a general principle to a particular case. Therefore option B is correct.

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87. Question 87

    According to Edward Albert, the years 1550-1630 are known as:

    1. AThe Renaissance
    2. BThe Age of Elizabeth
    3. CThe Age of Milton
    4. DThe Age of Chaucer

    Answer: (A) The Renaissance

    Explanation

    In Edward Albert's periodization, 1550-1630 broadly belongs to the Renaissance. Therefore option A is correct.

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88. Question 88

    Arrange the following in the chronological order of their publication:

    • (A) Animal Farm
    • (B) A Burnt-Out Case
    • (C) The Mill on the Floss
    • (D) The Book of Snobs
    • (E) A Tale of Two Cities
    1. A(A), (B), (D), (C), (E)
    2. B(D), (E), (C), (A), (B)
    3. C(C), (D), (E), (B), (A)
    4. D(E), (A), (B), (D), (C)

    Answer: (B) (D), (E), (C), (A), (B)

    Explanation

    The Book of Snobs came first, followed by A Tale of Two Cities, then The Mill on the Floss, then Animal Farm, and finally A Burnt-Out Case. That sequence matches option B.

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89. Question 89

    Who defined criticism as "disinterested endeavour to learn and propagate the best that is known and thought in the world"?

    1. AT. S. Eliot
    2. BMatthew Arnold
    3. CSamuel Johnson
    4. DJohn Dryden

    Answer: (B) Matthew Arnold

    Explanation

    The well-known definition is Matthew Arnold's. Therefore option B is correct.

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90. Question 90

    Who has written The Myth of Sisyphus?

    1. ASamuel Beckett
    2. BJames Joyce
    3. CAlbert Camus
    4. DJean Paul Sartre

    Answer: (C) Albert Camus

    Explanation

    The Myth of Sisyphus (Le Mythe de Sisyphe, 1942) is a philosophical essay by Albert Camus, in which he develops his idea of the absurd and concludes that "one must imagine Sisyphus happy." Samuel Beckett and James Joyce were a dramatist and a novelist who did not write it; Jean-Paul Sartre, Camus's contemporary in French thought, is associated with Being and Nothingness and Nausea, not this essay. The answer is Camus (C).

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91. Question 91

    According to the passage above, what is the worst enemy of pleasure?

    Some have maintained that a stable and tranquil state of health is not really a pleasure, on the grounds that the presence of health cannot be felt except through external stimulus. The Utopians, who have considered the matter thoroughly, long ago rejected this opinion. On the contrary, they nearly all agree that health is crucial to pleasure. Since pain is inherent in diseases, they argue, and pain is the bitter enemy of pleasure, just as disease is the enemy of health, then pleasure must be inherent in quiet good health. You may say pain is not the disease itself, simply an accompanying effect; but they argue that that makes no difference since the effect is the same either way. For whether health is itself a pleasure or is merely the cause of pleasure, as fire is the cause of heat, the fact remains that those who have stable health must also have pleasure.

    1. AHealth
    2. BDisease
    3. CPain
    4. DTranquility

    Answer: (C) Pain

    Explanation

    The passage explicitly says that pain is the bitter enemy of pleasure. Therefore option C is correct.

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92. Question 92

    Which of the following figures of speech could be appropriately read in the last sentence of the passage above?

    Some have maintained that a stable and tranquil state of health is not really a pleasure, on the grounds that the presence of health cannot be felt except through external stimulus. The Utopians, who have considered the matter thoroughly, long ago rejected this opinion. On the contrary, they nearly all agree that health is crucial to pleasure. Since pain is inherent in diseases, they argue, and pain is the bitter enemy of pleasure, just as disease is the enemy of health, then pleasure must be inherent in quiet good health. You may say pain is not the disease itself, simply an accompanying effect; but they argue that that makes no difference since the effect is the same either way. For whether health is itself a pleasure or is merely the cause of pleasure, as fire is the cause of heat, the fact remains that those who have stable health must also have pleasure.

    1. ASynecdoche
    2. BMetonymy
    3. CPersonification
    4. DConceit

    Answer: (D) Conceit

    Explanation

    The last sentence uses an extended analogy comparing the relation of health and pleasure to that of fire and heat. That is best read as a conceit, so option D is correct.

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93. Question 93

    According to the Utopians, what is the nature of the relation between health and pleasure?

    Some have maintained that a stable and tranquil state of health is not really a pleasure, on the grounds that the presence of health cannot be felt except through external stimulus. The Utopians, who have considered the matter thoroughly, long ago rejected this opinion. On the contrary, they nearly all agree that health is crucial to pleasure. Since pain is inherent in diseases, they argue, and pain is the bitter enemy of pleasure, just as disease is the enemy of health, then pleasure must be inherent in quiet good health. You may say pain is not the disease itself, simply an accompanying effect; but they argue that that makes no difference since the effect is the same either way. For whether health is itself a pleasure or is merely the cause of pleasure, as fire is the cause of heat, the fact remains that those who have stable health must also have pleasure.

    1. AInversely related to each other
    2. BHealth is crucial to pleasure
    3. CHealth and pleasure are not related to each other
    4. DHealth and pleasure are simply matters of imagination

    Answer: (B) Health is crucial to pleasure

    Explanation

    The passage directly states that, for the Utopians, health is crucial to pleasure. Therefore option B is correct.

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94. Question 94

    What is the nature of prose used in the passage above?

    Some have maintained that a stable and tranquil state of health is not really a pleasure, on the grounds that the presence of health cannot be felt except through external stimulus. The Utopians, who have considered the matter thoroughly, long ago rejected this opinion. On the contrary, they nearly all agree that health is crucial to pleasure. Since pain is inherent in diseases, they argue, and pain is the bitter enemy of pleasure, just as disease is the enemy of health, then pleasure must be inherent in quiet good health. You may say pain is not the disease itself, simply an accompanying effect; but they argue that that makes no difference since the effect is the same either way. For whether health is itself a pleasure or is merely the cause of pleasure, as fire is the cause of heat, the fact remains that those who have stable health must also have pleasure.

    1. ANarrative prose
    2. BDescriptive prose
    3. CArgumentative prose
    4. DPhilosophical prose

    Answer: (D) Philosophical prose

    Explanation

    The passage discusses the nature of health, pleasure, pain, and cause in a reflective manner characteristic of philosophical prose. Although it is argumentative, the dominant mode is philosophical. So option D is the best answer.

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95. Question 95

    What does the first line of the passage say about external stimulus?

    Some have maintained that a stable and tranquil state of health is not really a pleasure, on the grounds that the presence of health cannot be felt except through external stimulus. The Utopians, who have considered the matter thoroughly, long ago rejected this opinion. On the contrary, they nearly all agree that health is crucial to pleasure. Since pain is inherent in diseases, they argue, and pain is the bitter enemy of pleasure, just as disease is the enemy of health, then pleasure must be inherent in quiet good health. You may say pain is not the disease itself, simply an accompanying effect; but they argue that that makes no difference since the effect is the same either way. For whether health is itself a pleasure or is merely the cause of pleasure, as fire is the cause of heat, the fact remains that those who have stable health must also have pleasure.

    1. AExternal stimulus is a necessary condition for the experience of health
    2. BExternal stimulus is irrelevant to the experience of health
    3. CExternal stimulus is the by-product of health
    4. DExternal stimulus is infectious

    Answer: (A) External stimulus is a necessary condition for the experience of health

    Explanation

    The opening claim says that the presence of health cannot be felt except through external stimulus. Therefore option A is correct.

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96. Question 96

    The comparison of gun to a pen in the poem above signifies:

    Between my finger and my thumb
    The squat pen rests; snug as a gun.
    Under my window, a clean rasping sound:
    When the spade sinks into gravelly ground
    My father, digging. I look down
    Till his straining rump among the flower beds
    Bends low, comes up twenty years away
    Stooping in rhythm through potato drills
    Where he was digging.
    The coarse boot nested on the leg, the shaft
    Against the inside knee was levered firmly.
    He rooted out tall tops, buried the bright edge deep
    To scatter new potatoes that we picked,
    Loving their cool hardness in our hands.

    1. Athe power of written word to bring about change
    2. Bthat the act of writing can be as lethal as using a weapon
    3. Cthe high admiration of the speaker about father's ability to use both pen and spade
    4. Dthe violence associated with writers

    Answer: (A) the power of written word to bring about change

    Explanation

    In Heaney's poem, the pen is presented as the speaker's tool in a way that parallels the spade. The comparison suggests the power and force of writing, not simple violence. So option A is correct.

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97. Question 97

    What do you understand about the worldview of the speaker as articulated in the poem above?

    Between my finger and my thumb
    The squat pen rests; snug as a gun.
    Under my window, a clean rasping sound:
    When the spade sinks into gravelly ground
    My father, digging. I look down
    Till his straining rump among the flower beds
    Bends low, comes up twenty years away
    Stooping in rhythm through potato drills
    Where he was digging.
    The coarse boot nested on the leg, the shaft
    Against the inside knee was levered firmly.
    He rooted out tall tops, buried the bright edge deep
    To scatter new potatoes that we picked,
    Loving their cool hardness in our hands.

    1. APoverty is a vicious circle
    2. BEnvironment needs to be cared for
    3. CThe physical and mental work need to be treated at an equal level
    4. DPoetry has done no good for the making of a better world

    Answer: (C) The physical and mental work need to be treated at an equal level

    Explanation

    The speaker honors the father's manual labor while recognizing his own vocation in writing. The poem values both forms of work, making option C the best answer.

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98. Question 98

    Which of the following statements suitably describes the speaker's attitude towards his father's work?

    Between my finger and my thumb
    The squat pen rests; snug as a gun.
    Under my window, a clean rasping sound:
    When the spade sinks into gravelly ground
    My father, digging. I look down
    Till his straining rump among the flower beds
    Bends low, comes up twenty years away
    Stooping in rhythm through potato drills
    Where he was digging.
    The coarse boot nested on the leg, the shaft
    Against the inside knee was levered firmly.
    He rooted out tall tops, buried the bright edge deep
    To scatter new potatoes that we picked,
    Loving their cool hardness in our hands.

    1. AThe speaker admires his/her father's hard work and dedication
    2. BThe speaker is highly critical of his/her father's choice of employment
    3. CThe speaker is completely indifferent to his father's work
    4. DThe speaker is resentful of father for making them participate in the work

    Answer: (A) The speaker admires his/her father's hard work and dedication

    Explanation

    The poem looks at the father's digging with respect, care, and admiration. There is no resentment or indifference. So option A is correct.

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99. Question 99

    In the line "when the spade sinks into gravelly ground" which figure of speech has been used?

    Between my finger and my thumb
    The squat pen rests; snug as a gun.
    Under my window, a clean rasping sound:
    When the spade sinks into gravelly ground
    My father, digging. I look down
    Till his straining rump among the flower beds
    Bends low, comes up twenty years away
    Stooping in rhythm through potato drills
    Where he was digging.
    The coarse boot nested on the leg, the shaft
    Against the inside knee was levered firmly.
    He rooted out tall tops, buried the bright edge deep
    To scatter new potatoes that we picked,
    Loving their cool hardness in our hands.

    1. AAlliteration
    2. BHyperbole
    3. CAssonance
    4. DOnomatopoeia

    Answer: (A) Alliteration

    Explanation

    The repetition of consonant sounds in "spade sinks" and "gravelly ground" gives the line an alliterative quality. So option A is the best answer.

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100. Question 100

     What is the nature of the setting in the poem above?

     Between my finger and my thumb
     The squat pen rests; snug as a gun.
     Under my window, a clean rasping sound:
     When the spade sinks into gravelly ground
     My father, digging. I look down
     Till his straining rump among the flower beds
     Bends low, comes up twenty years away
     Stooping in rhythm through potato drills
     Where he was digging.
     The coarse boot nested on the leg, the shaft
     Against the inside knee was levered firmly.
     He rooted out tall tops, buried the bright edge deep
     To scatter new potatoes that we picked,
     Loving their cool hardness in our hands.

     1. AThe setting is rural and serene
     2. BThe setting is urban and noisy
     3. CThe setting is industrial yet solitary
     4. DThe setting is suburban and bustling

     Answer: (A) The setting is rural and serene

     Explanation

     The poem's setting is clearly rural, with flower beds, potato drills, and digging in the soil. Therefore option A is correct.

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